Analysis of the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Creative Destruction of Tourism in the from the Perspective of Residents
Case Study: Historical Texture of City Yazd
Alireza
Asgari savadjani
Ph.d student in Geography and urban planning, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
author
Mohammad Reza
Rezaei
Associate Professor of Geography and urban planning, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
author
Saeid
Sojasi Qeidari
Assistant Professor of Geography and urban planning, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract Introduction With the COVID-19 pandemic, the world is facing a greater challenge than World War II. With the spread of the virus and the lack of specific vaccines and drugs by the time of the study (August 2020), many countries are benefiting from non-pharmacological interventions such as quarantine and restrictions. This has increased the psychological pressure on people due to fears of illness, the quarantine debate, and the closure of some economic activities, such as tourism. In addition to endangering the health of society, this crisis is a major threat to the global economy. Therefore, it is necessary to take advantage of existing opportunities to overcome threats and to revive the economy of societies. One of the applied paradigms in this field is creative destruction. Creative destruction, using the resources, knowledge and skills of individuals, responds to new forms of demand and expands the opportunities for creative entrepreneurship. This model creatively replaces or combines new technologies with old ones. Accordingly, based on this theory, the role of entrepreneurs is not limited to creating new job opportunities, but with the existing structure, thinking, mobility and culture, engage in creative destruction and with this process, prepare the ground for economic development. Methodology This research is applied and has been done by survey method. The statistical population includes the adult population (over 20 years) of the historical texture of Yazd and the research period is related to August 2020. According to the population of the study area (37,700 people), the test population is equal to 21,860 people, which based on the Cochran's formula, the number of studied samples was calculated to be 378 people. Due to the special conditions of the society and the existence of restrictions on traffic and social communication, the Internet sampling method has been used. Accordingly, the designed questionnaires were published online and through social networks. Due to the limitations in the field of age of applicants and also incomplete questionnaires, 438 questionnaires were received, which by applying restrictions and random matching based on economic activity, 378 answers were selected for analysis and analyzed in terms of descriptive information in SPSS software. Smart-PLS3 was exerted to evaluate the relationship between Corona pandemic anxiety and creative destruction of tourism. The research questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part is related to the Corona Anxiety Scale, with 18 items based on the Likert scale and the other part is related to measuring creative destruction with 21 items. This variable includes two factors: the attitude of the residents and the amount and direction of investments. Results and discussion Many people have stopped working without prior planning due to the lack of tourists and protection from the Corona virus. This has caused them to suffer a lot of psychological stress. Despite the dangers and effects of this pandemic, these people must overcome the existing conditions with creativity and entrepreneurship and create new ways to earn money from the existing potentials. Based on this, we can consider the anxiety caused by the COVID-19 pandemic as a launching pad for creative destruction. For this purpose, the study seeks to assess the significance of the effect of anxiety caused by the corona pandemic on creative destruction. Based on the findings and the designed model, the variable of creative destruction consists of two factors: residents' attitudes toward tourism and the amount and direction of investments in tourism. According to the model, first, the effect of two independent variables on creative degradation is tested, which shows the attitude of residents towards tourism (path coefficient 0.041 and T-value 2.072) and the amount and direction of investments (path coefficient 56 0. and T-value 17.37) In terms of path coefficient, have a positive effect on creative destruction and have a significant relationship. Therefore, the most important point in relation to creative destruction is to have a positive attitude towards tourism and its effects, and as observed in the results (path coefficient 0.875 and T-value 10/107), the same type of attitude increases investment and determines the type of them. But in relation to the main hypothesis of the research, we can point to its proof according to the path coefficient of 0.402 and T-value of 9.621 because according to the analysis, the relationship between coronary anxiety and creative destruction in the historical texture of Yazd is meaningful and positive. Conclusion Accordingly, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, residents are trying to make up for lost opportunities due to the anxiety caused by it and are trying to somehow turn this threat into an opportunity with creativity and innovation, and revive their economic activities toward tourism. In such a way that they do not leave their home and place of residence and spend the least money without worrying about the absence of tourists. Those interested in tourism activities can act through virtual tourism as an undeniable part of the online economy. These people can create startup ideas by joining the network of millions in the field of virtual tourism.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
1
13
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_79300_8a5423c03ada1ebc469974c993bf572a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.307823.819
Investigating the Effect of Risk Perception of Covid-19 on Tourists' Behavioral Intentions Towards Untact Tourism, Case study: Visitors to the Tourism Attractions of Amol City in the Second Wave of Prevalence
Davood
Ghorbanzadeh
PhD in Business Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
Javad
Aghamohammadi
M.A of Business Administration, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract Introduction The tourism industry has long been recognized as one of the most vulnerable industries in the face of all kinds of crises. Meanwhile, health-related crises such as epidemics can have a direct negative impact on the tourism industry; because travel can facilitate the spread of epidemics. As of December 2019, cases of "unknown viral pneumonia" have been reported, initially associated with exposure to the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, on January 6, 2020, a new coronavirus capable of infecting humans was discovered, called Covid-19. Covid-19 changed the image of the world in every way and had a significant impact on tourism demand. Fear, anxiety and fatigue are common in the community due to the Covid-19 epidemic. Citizens experience depression as a result of being isolated from society in order to minimize face-to-face contact. Hence, citizens have promoted " Untact tourism " to quench their thirst for travel and leisure and minimize the potential dangers of Covid-19. This type of tourism refers to a behavioral mode to minimize direct contact between people. This study highlights Untact tourism as a health-protecting behavior due to people's risk perception of Covid-19. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism based on the frameworks of the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. And it seeks to answer the question of whether the perceived risk of Covid-19 by tourists has a positive effect on their behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism? The insights gained from this study provide a mechanism for health-protective behaviors resulting from individuals' risk perception in times of global health crises and their consequences for tourism destinations to adopt appropriate strategies to deal with the effects of epidemics. Methodology The present study is an applied one in terms of purpose. Since this study examines the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on the behavioral intentions of tourists towards Untact tourism, it is a descriptive correlation and based on a structural equation model. The statistical population of the study was all tourists who visited the tourism attractions of Amol city during the outbreak of the second wave of Covid-19 in September and October 2020. In this research, the questionnaire was online, the link of the questionnaire was sent in social networks related to tourism channels of Amol city. Respondents were asked to answer a questionnaire if they had traveled to the tourism attractions of Amol during the months of September and October. During the one-month period, 246 questionnaires were collected by available methods and analyzed. Structural equation modeling for data analysis was performed by using of Smart-PLS software. Results and discussion The present study is conducted due to the growing need to better understand the role of protective behaviors during the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic. This study demonstrates the importance of risk perception of coronavirus as a basis for the formation of tourists' attitudes and behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism. In the literature, previous researchers have extensively discussed the effect of risk perception on behavioral intentions in tourism. However, little researches have been done on the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism. In addition, the indirect effects of perceived risk of Covid-19 on tourists' behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism were confirmed. Conclusion The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of risk perception of Covid-19 on behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism during the second wave of Covid-19 epidemic through the development of the planned behavior theory. In particular, this study highlights a significant insight into Untact tourism as a preventive or covert health behavior associated with Covid-19 based on the Health Belief Model. From a theoretical point of view, this study used the concept of " Untact " in tourism to explain the new pattern of behavior among tourists during the epidemic. In particular, this concept has been highlighted as a health-protective behavior based on the Health Belief Model, although previous research has examined it from a technology-based perspective. That is, the study discusses " Untact " as a concept to demonstrate a typical but innovative tourism behavior that satisfies people's desire to travel even during an epidemic while minimizing disease risks. Untact behaviors of individuals used for health care purposes could be potential avenues for future post-coronary research. From a practical point of view, this study will benefit marketers and tourism industry activists and provide an opportunity for them to develop and implement Untact tourism services and strategies to ensure a high risk perception of Covid-19 leads to tourist behavioral intentions towards Untact tourism. Also, tourism activists should consider Untact tourism as a new model that meets the needs of people to minimize perceived risk as well as provide their travel needs. This is not just the elimination of service conflicts, but can be a superior service based on a high level of customization. They can also send messages about their efforts to implement Untact tourism as a guarantee for the safe travel experiences of tourists.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
15
31
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_81407_b29fbfa6046da6ab7c24d21c7b3e4fb9.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.313395.854
The Relationship between Crisis Management and Community Resilience in Tourism Destination at Corona Crisis
Case Study: Hamedan City
Mehdi
Basouli
Assistant Professor of Tourism Management, Jihad University, Yazd, Iran
author
Golnoush
Jabbari
PhD Student of Tourism, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract Introduction The covid-19 was reported in early January 2020 by the World Health Organization in China. The virus spread rapidly in the Wuhan region of China and was initially largely ignored by political leaders around the world. Within a few weeks, the disease spread beyond China. Covid-19 has plunged the world into an unforeseen health crisis that has had a profound impact on communities. Tourism destinations are among the sectors that have received the most negative impact from this crisis. Given the severity of the outbreak of crises over the past decade, and with increasing access to information about these events, it has exacerbated crises that have a direct impact on the tourism industry. Tourism destinations are particularly prone to the consequences of changing circumstances, as they face an increasing number of uncontrollable events. Most local communities are affected on a large scale by the social effects of crises. Also, after the crisis, long-term sustainable reconstruction depends on economic, social, environmental, and local considerations in the recovery strategy. Moreover, communications and tourism leadership are essential in the improvement process. Given this, qualitative research is needed to interpret crises at a deeper level. Several key studies on the process of crisis management and tourism-related procedures have been conducted in the context of the resilience process. However, there is a need for further research on the relationship between resilience, tourism crisis management, and sustainability, as well as destination development and management from a resilience perspective. In particular, more research is needed to investigate the catastrophic event because it is directly related to the stages of the coping process. The lack of relevant research in the field of tourism has led to the identification of the relationship between crisis management practices and local resilience responses to address the gaps mentioned in the literature. The purpose of interpreting these relationships is to identify how crisis management decisions are made that can affect how the local community (Hamedan city) responds to a natural disaster. The purpose of this study is to interpret the process of resilience in the face of the Covid-19 crisis to show the impact on the resilience of the urban community of Hamadan city. However, this research can be done for other tourism destination purposes. This study is guided by the following research questions: • What factors affect the resilience processes of society in the tourism destination (Hamadan city) during the events of the disaster? • How can this crisis management process be managed sustainably in the tourism destination (Hamadan city)? Methodology The present study is fundamental-applied in terms of purpose and is considered qualitative with an exploratory orientation. The technique used is grounded theory. In the present study, the statistical population of the study included professors and university experts, tourism business owners, and tourism activists in the private and public sectors in Hamadan city. Sampling was theoretical for 13 people using non-probabilistic methods of purposive and snowball sampling. Thus, in the fall of 2020, first, according to the researchers' knowledge and considering the research objectives, a semi-structured interview was conducted with selected experts who were qualified to answer the questions, and then they introduced other experts to continue sampling. All interviews were recorded and the average interview time was 45 minutes. Thirteen interviews were conducted, but no new concept of data was obtained from the tenth interview. However, to ensure theoretical saturation, three more interviews were conducted, and given that no new concept and class of interview data failed, theoretical saturation was achieved. To analyze the data, the qualitative content analysis method was used and at the same time with data collection, ATLAS-TI software was exerted. With this description, the way to get the initial codes is such that each interview, after implementing their text, is carefully examined and the main message or key concepts of each phrase are extracted. Results and discussion The model (framework) of crisis management and community resilience in the tourism destination includes two central categories in the form of two-time frameworks including creating resilience during crisis management and managing the continuous resilience process of the Hamedan tourism community, in which the relevant dimensions (main category) are defined. Dimensions of creating resilience in times of crisis include perceptions of emotions, perceptions of danger and confrontation with it, the ability to adapt to change and innovation, creating a sense of security, sympathy of tourism stakeholders, and media support for tourism. Dimensions of continuous resilience management process related to the resilience of the Hamedan tourism community include tourism insurance coverage, national and local tourism crisis management, development of information and communication technology and communication channels in tourism, content creation and production of tourism knowledge, and learning, and virtual education of tourism. According to the related concepts provided, it can be defined and provided for other tourism purposes. Conclusion The results of this study argue that interpreting the host community's response to crisis management through resilience allows decision-makers to fully understand the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis on society and the tourism industry. This study proposes an integrated path for crisis management and community resilience in order to manage crises and the sustainability of the tourism community.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
33
48
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_81466_8d4858c3ad80fb504a55142e77c034d1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.318782.884
An Analysis of Protective Behaviors of Urban Destinations’ Residents against COVID-19 Case Study: Sarein City
Habib
Ebrahimpour
Professor of Public Administration, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
author
Salman
Feizi
PhD in Geography and Urban Planning, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
author
Behnam
Karimi
PhD student in Archeology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
author
Mina
Jahandide Topraghlou
M.A of Business Management, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract Introduction In recent years, the global economy has seen a very significant growth of the tourism industry, but this growth and dynamism of the tourism industry has been severely disrupted by the global outbreak of Covid-19 disease, and with the imposition of extensive restrictions, tourism has virtually stopped. And the impact of the Corona epidemic has pushed tourism to a complete halt. In fact, the outbreak of the corona virus has disrupted the tourism destinations and livelihoods of their inhabitants more than any other. Tourism researchers have turned their attention to local communities in tourism destinations by studying the safety of tourism destinations and the incurred costs due to the cessation of tourism activities. Paying attention to this point has caused decision makers and planners of destinations to place more emphasis on faster sanitization of destinations by increasing the protective behaviors of residents. It seems that the observance of protective behaviors by residents of tourism destinations, is also influenced by factors such as psychological ones including the perception of the risk of epidemic diseases as Covid-19. Accordingly, understanding how psychological factors, such as risk perception, affect people's behavior during severe global epidemics, is important to facilitate and increase the success of disease minimization and resuscitation strategies of destinations. However, perceptions of the risk of disease in residents are not formed alone and are influenced by other factors such as people's knowledge of health and related concepts, as well as media coverage of the posed risk by the spread of epidemics. based on this view, media coverage of effective measures to combat the disease in destinations, can prepare the mentality of tourists from tourist destinations to return to the destination and also according to the subject of this research while increasing residents' knowledge of Covid-19, enhance the perceived risk of it and thus lead to appropriate protective behaviors. In line with this assumption, in the present study, the effect of media coverage on disease knowledge, perceived risk and protective behavior in Sarein residents, have been investigated. Methodology The present study is an applied research and in terms of purpose and also it is a descriptive-analytical one in aspect of method and a questionnaire was exerted to collect information. The questions of questionnaire were designed based on five-point Likert scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The statistical population of this study was all residents of Sarein in the spring of 2020. The minimum sample size to complete the questionnaires of this study was 400 residents who were randomly selected and the questionnaire was distributed online among them. Also, in order to evaluate the research variables, questionnaires of media coverage, disease knowledge, perceived risk and protective behavior were used. Indicators of research questionnaires are taken from related studies and research background; then, based on the research conditions and the studied city, they were localized. Results and Discussion Considering that the value of obtained T statistic for the first hypothesis of the research is equal to 6.069 so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the first hypothesis of the research was confirmed. Also, considering that the path coefficient in this hypothesis is equal to (β = 0.520), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Also, considering that in the second hypothesis of the research, the value of T statistic obtained is 2.995 so that this value is greater than 1.96 and hypothesis was confirmed. Also, based on the obtained path coefficient that is equal to (β = 0.367), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Also, considering that the value of the obtained T statistic is 17.688, so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the third hypothesis of the research is confirmed, and also because the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.692), since the obtained path coefficient is positive, this effect is also direct. On the other hand, since the value of obtained T statistic for the fourth hypothesis of the research is equal to 2.196, so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the fourth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Given that the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.225), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Also, considering that the value of obtained T statistic for the fifth hypothesis of the research is equal to 5.036 so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. In addition, because the obtained path coefficient for this hypothesis is equal to (β = 0.396), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. In the end, the results indicate that the value of obtained T statistic for the sixth hypothesis of the research is equal to 9.001, so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the sixth hypothesis of the research is confirmed and also with considering that the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.640), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Conclusion The results of this study show that by increasing the perception of the risk of Covid-19 among residents of tourist destinations, they take more protective behaviors against the disease. Accordingly, by strengthening this factor, through the protective behaviors of residents, the incidence and death rate of this disease can be reduced in destinations, and while helping to revive these destinations, create a clean and healthy tourism destination image in the minds of potential tourists. Based on the results of confirming the hypotheses, it can be said that appropriate media coverage of Covid-19 in tourism destinations and its positive effect on increasing knowledge of the disease, can increase perceptions of the risk of disease and also enhance protective behaviors among residents of destinations.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
49
66
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_81654_0423ea81183598131ab4b49fd7ed6ead.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2020.307249.817
Recognition and Evaluation of Effective Vital Drivers on the Future of Tourism Development in Iran's Metropolises
Case Study: Tabriz Metropolis
Hosein
Ghahramanifard
PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
author
Karim
Hoseinzadedalir
Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
author
Mir Saeed
Moosavi
Associate Professor of Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract Introduction Today, the tourism industry is considered as one of the appropriate tools and strategies to earn income and prosperity of the economy of governments and nations on the one hand and the development and prosperity of regions in different parts of the world on the other hand; in a way, this industry is the third dynamic and developing economic phenomenon after the oil and automobile industries. Iran is also one of the most talented regions in this field and its many natural, historical and cultural attractions are well-known in general and in particular. In the meantime, one of these important and fundamental issues that play an essential role in the economic development of cities and villages and can improve the economic growth and quality of life of people by foresight and scenario design, is the development of the tourism industry. The existence of various cultural, historical and natural talents for Tabriz city along with important tourism events such as Tabriz 2018 and the strong dependence of the urban economy on the tourism economy on the one hand and the complexity of tourism issues on the other makes serious research in tourism trends and urban tourism future research should be done to determine how these many talents of Tabriz can be used to promote its tourism. In addition, due to the autonomy of Tabriz metropolitan municipality and the instability of its revenue sources, strengthening the urban tourism economy is necessary and the most important strategies for the development of Tabriz is that besides the economic growth of the city, it can be introduced as a global city with many historical and natural talents. Methodology The main purpose of this research is to improve the economic conditions of Tabriz city through the promotion of tourism, so this research can be considered as an applied study in terms of purpose because the results of this research can be exerted in urban tourism management systems. In terms of method, this research is the descriptive-analytical one. The main method used in this research is a variety of common methods of future researches. The work process consists of two general stages. In the first stage, using Delphi technique and questionnaire tools, effective factors and indicators on the development of Tabriz urban tourism were identified. In the second stage, through structural analysis method and Micmac software, effective factors were evaluated and analyzed and finally key factors were identified. Results and discussion Based on the Delphi method mentioned, 38 variables in 6 areas have been identified as effective factors on the development of urban tourism in Tabriz metropolis and then, using the interaction analysis method by MICMAC software to extract the main factors affecting the future of Tabriz city; were analyzed. According to the questionnaire, which is completed as a matrix, the software calculates their relationship and finally considers a numerical point for each factor. Then, based on this score, it ranks the factors directly and indirectly based on its impact and effectiveness. In the MICMAC diagram, first, the status of the factors involved in the development of urban tourism in Tabriz metropolis was examined and the system was analyzed in general. According to previous discussions, 38 factors were identified and their effects were weighed. Finally, 10 factors were extracted as key drivers of urban tourism development in Tabriz metropolis, all of which were repeated in both direct and indirect methods. Conclusions In this research, using the Delphi method, after surveying the relevant experts in urban tourism, the factors and variables involved in tourism have been extracted, and after weighing according to the experts, in Mic Mac structural software, the driving factors for future development of Tabriz urban tourism has been identified. Therefore, the development of tourism in Tabriz for the current and future situation requires considering these key factors in planning. For the tourism development in Tabriz, all the factors involved, such as a system with elements intertwined, and as a structure, are considered, and the relationships of these factors are measured and the top factors that are more effective are extracted. Thus, culture, urban regeneration, climate, transportation infrastructure, architectural landmarks, mass communication infrastructure (Internet), public education, tourism development plans, regulations and incentive policies, and Tourism advertisements on virtual pages are among the key and important factors for the development of tourism in Tabriz.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
67
82
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_81406_8731585806898c5c23047213c8d3b4e0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.316833.869
The Effect of Tourism Experience on Memories, Satisfaction and Behavioural Intentions of Tourists Visiting Shiraz City
Farnaz
Nikkhah
M.A of Tourism Management, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
author
Zohre
Kiani Feizabadi
Assistant Professor of Tourism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
author
Mohammad
Najjarzadeh
Assistant Professor of Tourism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract
Introduction
To be successful today, tourism destinations should not focus solely on providing services, but must identify and provide experiences that differentiate them from other destinations and thus offer a competitive advantage. Today the focus of businesses has shifted from products to services and then to experiences. Provision of memorable experiences is an important factor for tourism destinations' success. Tourists expect satisfying memorable experiences and such experiences can benefit destinations by encouraging loyalty.
Due to the changes in the consumer consumption patterns, the most valuable marketing tool for destinations and tourism businesses is the "experience" which they provide to tourists. Tourism service providers found provision of attractive memorable experiences necessary as a new marketing strategy to ensure customer satisfaction and loyalty. If tourists value the travel experience at a high level, tourism destinations can expect loyalty and word-of-mouth advertising to help sell their products. In this new point of view, tourists are allowed to actively construct their own travel experience through personalized interaction with the environment, thereby creating unique value for themselves. Memory impacts choice of destination. The memorability of a tourist’s total experience can be sufficiently powerful to motivate tourists to visit a specific destination and/or tourism service provider. Research papers show that tourists like to revisit destinations linked with positive memories of previous visits. Considering the limited studies discussing the impact of travel memories on tourists’ behaviour, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of tourists' experience on their memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions in Shiraz.
Methodology
The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-correlation according to data gathering method. Statistical population of the research included domestic tourists visiting shiraz. To achieve the goal, 384 questionnaires were distributed among domestic tourists in Shiraz, in places such as Saadieh and Hafezieh, of which 318 questionnaires could be used. The sampling method applied was simple random sampling.
First, the study used SPSS to process the descriptive statistics and reliability analysis of the collected data, and assessed the demographic profile of the sample and the internal consistency of the constructs. In the data analysis phase, the normality of the data distribution was tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Partial least squares (PLS)-based SEM was used in this study to test the structural model and hypotheses.
Results and discussion
According to demographic analysis of the population studied, the sample included 183 men (% 57.54) and %50.3 of the participants was 20 to 30 years old. Descriptive statistics showed that the tourism experience, memories and tourists' satisfaction are in a good position since their mean value were 3.18, 3.39 and 3.01 respectively which is higher than 3. However, the mean value for tourists' behavioral intentions was lower than 3(2.91).
The standardized regression coefficients of the impact of tourism experience on memories and satisfaction were 0.739 and 0.512 respectively. The R2 coefficient of memories and satisfaction were 0.546 and 0.605 respectively which means %54.6 of the variance in memories and %60.5 of the variance in satisfaction is predictable from the tourism experience. Moreover, the standardized regression coefficients of the impact of memories and satisfaction on behavioural intentions were 0.199 and 0.322 respectively and %58.8 of the variance in behavioural intentions is predictable from research variables. Since all t-values were higher than the critical t-value (1.96), null hypotheses were rejected which means paths are meaningful. In other words, hypotheses of the study based on the research conceptual model are confirmed.
Conclusion
Tourists enjoy having new experiences during their travel. Tourist experience can be defined as an interaction between tourists and destinations in which destinations are the site of the experience and tourists are the actors of the experience.
To be successful, tourism destinations should not only provide high quality services, but should also recognize and provide experiences that distinguish the destination and provides it competitive advantages. The experience provided to tourists is one of the most valuable marketing tools. If tourists evaluate the experience offered by the destination as highly acceptable, then positive word-of-mouth advertising helping tourism businesses sell their products can be expected.
This study explored tourism experiences and their impact on the memories, satisfaction, and behavioural intentions of tourists in Shiraz. The results of the study show that:
1-tourism experience positively influenced tourists' memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions and has a direct and significant effect on them, 2-tourism memories significantly affects satisfaction and behavioural intentions of tourists, and 3- satisfaction of tourists has a significant effect on their behavioural intentions. These results indicate the widespread effects of the tourism experience on creating positive tourism consequences for the city of Shiraz.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
83
97
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_81408_f188c02925dcdc6b7f1a2b94df96c852.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.310080.835
Systematic Review of the Dimensions of Public-Private Partnership Studies in Tourism
Mohammad Reza
Farzin
Associate Professor of Economics, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
author
Ali Asghar
Shalbafian
Assistant Professor of Business Management, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
author
Seyed Mojtaba
Mahmoudzadeh
Assistant Professor of Business Management, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
author
Akbar
Pourfaraj
Associate Professor of Archeology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
author
Neda
Zarandian
Ph.D. Student of Tourism, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabatabai University
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The formation of participation in tourism is inevitable both under the influence of external factors and due to the internal nature of this industry. Extremely changing conditions resulting from technological change and increasing advances in knowledge have created a competitive atmosphere for the industry in which individual firms have no place. Hence, the partnership between tourism companies has become obvious. In addition, the fragmentation and small scale of industry actors has intensified the need to enter into partnerships. But there are different types of participation which public-private participation is one of the most prominent. Therefore, several studies have been conducted in this regard, the aggregation and selection of which in the form of a systematic review study could lead to the expansion of knowledge in this area and receive some operational points. The goal pursued in this study.
Methodology
The present study is a descriptive-fundamental study that has used systematic review to survey previous studies. In order to pursue this important, five key steps were considered such as determining the search strategy and the criteria for selecting articles, reviewing the search output, extracting the data and evaluating the quality. In the search strategy determination step, the searched keywords, searched databases and search time were explained. In the search criteria step, the authors have set the boundaries for articles to enter the systematic review process. In the search output step, the screening method and selection of articles from the 233 found sources, were determined. In the data extraction step, 40 selected articles were analyzed based on the indicators of research situation, scope of participation, type of research based on purpose, data collection method, collection tools, time, research community and sampling method. In addition, the factors affecting public-private participation in tourism were also examined from the perspective of these studies. Quality Assessment, as a final step, shows how resources are assessed based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP).
Results and discussion
Most of the studies in terms of research location are related to Italy (13%). The field related to the restoration, protection and exploitation of heritage and historical monuments (30%) has a special place in relation to the field of public-private partnerships in tourism and has been the focus of many studies in this field. Descriptive research (92.5%) with the method of collecting qualitative data (60%), using secondary data / documents (50%) and case studies (80%) have received more attention. Stakeholders (37.5%) constitute the dominant statistical population of these research papers. This seems obvious, given that research papers have examined the experiences of public-private partnerships on a case-by-case basis. Because researchers have sought to survey the people involved - especially the public and private sides - who have been involved in these experiences in some way. Targeted / available sampling (75%) has a special place. Regarding the factors affecting participation, most of the frequency is related to the target factor of participation (82.5%).
Conclusion
In addition to the structural aspects that were considered in the review of selected articles, the identification of the effective factors on public-private partnerships in tourism was another aspect that researchers have addressed. In this regard, several factors such as the content of the partnership, stakeholders, objectives of the partnership, duties of the partnership sides, interests of the partnership parties, technological-information factors, socio-cultural factors, legal factors, financial-economic factors, geographical-environmental factors and political-governmental factors, were identified as the effective factors on public-private participation. Content of participation is a factor that must be considered during the public-private partnership process. Stakeholders (35%) refer to natural and legal persons who are somehow involved in the process of public-private participation in tourism or are affected by this phenomenon. Goals (82.5%) are considered as the motivation for the formation of partnership between the public-private sector. Information-technological factors emphasize technological advances and the awareness of such partnerships. Socio-cultural factors focus on the acceptance of public-private partnerships in tourism by the host community. Legal factors highlight the effective legal frameworks in this area. Financial-economic factors consider the economic situation of countries as an effective factor in public-private participation in tourism. Environmental-geographical factors are important from the perspective of the seasonality of the tourism industry, and political-governmental factors consider the aspect of government support for public-private partnerships in the tourism industry. Among them, the purpose of participation - as a motivation for the formation of partnership between the public-private sector in tourism - has had the most repetition in selected studies. Stakeholders were identified as the second most effective and repetitive factor in multiple sources.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
99
112
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_81409_328169828bad89888225a23a4b7f432c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.310225.837
Tourism Development Model of Chabahar based on Grounded Theory
naser
natankhah
PhD Student, Department of Business Administration, UAE Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, UAE
author
شادان
وهاب زاده منشی
Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
hamidreza
saeidnia
Associate Professor, Department of Business Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
mohamadali
abdolvand
Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Therefore, in order to diversify the sources of economic growth and foreign exchange earnings, as well as to create new job opportunities in the country, the development of the tourism industry is of great importance. Based on the above, it can be understood that today tourism is the most valuable money-making industry in the world, and the country's governments should work harder with a national determination. This effort can attract tourists, introduce the country to the world and promote gross national growth. It is worth mentioning that Chabahar city has many tourism capabilities that can be used as a huge investment in the tourism industry in the country. Chabahar port, despite its deep waters and natural cuts, has provided a suitable space for piers with great depth and desirable anchorage coordinates for mooring huge ocean-going ships. On the other hand, the suitable climate and also the existence of a large number of historical, cultural, ancient and natural attractions in Chabahar are among the capabilities of attracting tourists from the Middle East and the Persian Gulf to this region. However, despite the excellent natural features such as the pleasant climate of the Oman Sea coast in autumn and winter, having hot and cold mineral waters, natural and active florets, there has not been a proper investment in tourism and lack of facilities and phenomena such as smuggling and illegal activities due to poverty and unemployment have made the tourism industry less successful in the region. Therefore, tourism can be a factor in the development of the study area and as a stimulus using natural resources, human, cultural, local traditions and customs cause the people of Chabahar to connect with other parts of the country and provide real benefits for host society and directly contributes to the growth of GDP and employment. Accordingly, due to the high volume of unemployment and the ability of tourism to create jobs, in this study, while extensive and in-depth review of previous research, through a qualitative approach and grounded theory via semi-structured interviews, have been tried to design a framework in order to identify the various dimensions of tourism development in Chabahar tourist port and provide the necessary suggestions after explaining the effective categories in this regard.
Methodology
The research is applied in terms of purpose, with a qualitative approach and based on Grounded theory. The research strategy is to use exploratory interviews, which were used to determine the effective factors on the development of tourism by using semi-structured interviews with experts in this field. The statistical population consisted of 35 experts and tourism experts and professors in the field of tourism of Chabahar, Iranshahr and Zahedan universities. For sampling, non-probabilistic theoretical methods such as Snowball and Purposive sampling were exerted. The sampling process was continued until the theoretical saturation stage and then stopped. In the present study, after conducting 18 semi-structured interviews, the data analysis reached theoretical saturation. To analyze the data in the present study, the Strauss-Corbin paradigm model was applied and also, open coding, axial coding and selective coding were used.
Results and discussion
The results of the present study led to the identification of 128 sub-categories and 27 main categories in the form of a paradigm model including tourism development as an axial category and causal conditions (perceived quality, destination characteristics, satisfaction, behavioral response), contextual factors (economic environment, Social and cultural, legal, political, geographical and physical), Interventional conditions (tourist attractions, tourism infrastructure, human resources, financial resources and advertising and information), strategies (human and financial resources, business intelligence, providing desirable services to tourists, development of tourism infrastructure) and consequences (private sector profitability, urban development, reducing unemployment, tourism development, capital increase and economic growth).
Conclusion
In the present study, based on the components of the axis coding stage, causal, contextual, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences were identified in the process model which have great importance in the development of tourism in the tourist port of Chabahar. Managers of tourism industry should use the identified elements of tourism development and using the presented model in this study, to examine the gap between the desired situation and the current situation in the field of tourism development in Chabahar and then, should take the necessary measures to prevent obstacles and injuries for achieving the ultimate goal of tourism development. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions are presented:
- Allocation of special budget from the Budget Management and Planning Organization of the country to equip and strengthen transportation infrastructure including modernization of road and maritime transportation, development of airlines, construction of international airport town and railway lines and connection of Chabahar city to the country's rail network,
- Holding seminars, conferences, webinars, advertisements and information through satellite TV networks in different cities inside and outside the country to introduce the tourism environment (physical, geographical, cultural) and natural tourist attractions of Chabahar.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
113
126
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_81465_cde4c6e45a83c63703c395c4b1675343.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.318675.881
Investigating the Role of Geo-marketing and its Value Creation in the Urban Tourism Infrastructure Development in Mashhad
Mohammad
Sabet Eghlidi
PhD Student in Business Management - Marketing Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
vahidreza
mirabi
Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
Behrouz
Ghasemi
Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
Seyed Kamran
Nourbakhsh
Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today, the tourism industry is considered as one of the largest and most diverse industries in the world as the main source of foreign exchange earnings, employment, social justice, cultural growth, increasing welfare and grounds for private growth and a tool for infrastructure development. In this regard, to realize the vision of the tourism industry and growth in this field, the use of GIS approach is inevitable and the capabilities and resources that exist in this field should be used to the fullest. Geo-marketing (location based) is a tool to identify and predict the needs of tourists and provide facilities to meet their needs and motivate them to visit, which will ensure the satisfaction of tourists and the realization of organizational goals (sustainable income, job creation, etc.). One of the important tourist cities is the holy city of Mashhad, which is considered as the largest religious and pilgrimage city in Iran. The city welcomes countless pilgrims and tourists every year with its many hotels and tourist accommodations, pilgrimage and tourism routes, scenic and natural attractions. Existence of busy routes and high volume of tourists and the number of attractions and accommodations has caused tourists to face many problems in choosing the appropriate route and accommodation, etc., so it is necessary to take measures to facilitate routing as well as infrastructure development. One of the effective solutions is to use new geo-marketing parameters. According to the above, this research is trying to find a suitable answer to the following question:
- What is the role and impact of geo-marketing on the development of urban tourism?
Methodology
This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the research, in the qualitative part, includes experts and managers of the public sector of the tourism industry, the statistical population of the research, in the qualitative part, included experts and managers of the public sector of the tourism industry, which 26 people (the criterion for selecting this number is theoretical saturation) were familiar with the discussion of geo-marketing and urban tourism factors, were chosen as sample. In the quantitative part, the statistical population includes all managers of the tourism industry which 86 people were selected by available methods. Data collection tools were interviews and questionnaires. The method of data analysis in the qualitative section was based on the Grounded Theory and using coding and categorization. In order to investigate the type of data distribution, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used by spss24 software. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS) approach was also exerted to test the hypotheses.
Results and discussion
Using the opinions of the interviewers, the main and sub-categories were calculated as follows: For the main category of causal conditions (geo-marketing identification, launching geo-marketing campaigns, upgrading geographic information system (spatial)), contextual conditions (appropriate tourism education from place-based systems, urban branding, structural cohesion of tourism), intervening conditions (characteristics of tourists, environmental factors, infrastructure factors), central category (standardization, promotion of urban tourism, tourists' expectations), strategy (promotion of positioning, promotion of communication channels, value creation), outcome (competitive advantage, welfare and quality of life, sustainable tourism) can be seen that 87 questionnaire indices were identified into six structures. The PLS method was also found to be positive for all variables in the study and the total average of this index is 0.578 which indicates the desired and high quality of the measurement model. The value of the fit index (GOF) is equal to 0.662 and is greater than the value of 0.4 and indicates a suitable fit of the model. And the path coefficient of all hypotheses was confirmed.
Conclusion
The results of the qualitative part of the research, which was conducted through a coding interview, showed that the causal conditions include geo-marketing identification, launching geo-marketing campaigns, upgrading the geographic information system (spatial) and the underlying conditions include appropriate tourism education from spatial systems. Urban branding is based on the structural cohesion of tourism and the intervening conditions include tourist characteristics, environmental factors, investment / financing. The central category includes standardization, promotion of urban tourism, and tourists' expectations. Strategies include positioning, communication channels, value creation, and outcomes include competitive advantage, welfare and quality of life, and sustainable tourism.
The results obtained from the coefficients of structural equations confirm the effect of geo-marketing identity on tourism potential, with the t-value (2.247) and the path coefficient of 0.206; the effect of geo-marketing structure on tourism potential with t-value (1.988) and path coefficient of 0.139; the effect of environmental characteristics on tourism potential with the t-value (6.197) and path coefficient of 0.527; the effect of tourism potential on value creation with t-value (4.759) and path coefficient of 0.290; the effect of structure tourism on value creation with t-value (4.281) and path coefficient 0.197; the effect of environmental characteristics of geo-marketing on value creation of geo-marketing with t-value (8.195) and path coefficient of 0.491; and finally the effect of value creation on tourism infrastructure development with the t-value (37.067) and the path coefficient of 0.832. Finally, the variables of geo-marketing and value creation at the rate of 0.832 affect the development of tourism infrastructure.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
127
141
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_82097_233ef0bfc5f6b0e0f8bf8d20644e6836.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.322862.899
Analysis of the Competitiveness of Urban Tourism Destinations in Iran
Ali
Delshad
Assistant Professor of Tourism, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In today's tough competitive environment, competition between destinations to attract more tourists or to satisfy them more by improving competitiveness indicators shows a continuous increase. Despite the efforts of tourism destinations worldwide to improve their competitiveness, competitive management of destinations is difficult, because their competitiveness depends on many factors. Therefore, destination competitiveness is full of inconsistencies and contradictions in its concept, measurement and legitimacy as a research topic, although well established in the tourism literature. This situation has made it impossible to provide a universal set of competitiveness indicators that can be applied to all destinations at all times, despite the efforts of many researchers. Therefore, there is a need to measure the competitiveness of tourism destinations according to the requirements of the place and time of the research. For that reason, the purpose of this study is to determine the dimensions or components of competitiveness of urban tourism destinations, and their measurement indicators in a way that can be used to measure the competitiveness of tourism destinations.
Methodology
In order to answer the main research question, three research steps are determined. In the first step, the components of competitiveness and their measurement indicators have been determined and validated using the opinion of experts. In the second step, using an online questionnaire and a survey of 320 tourism experts at the level of 12 selected tourism destinations, in addition to measuring the competitiveness, the impact of each component of competitiveness has been determined. In the third step, using one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey test, the difference between the competitiveness of selected urban tourism destinations in general and by components is analyzed. Based on the research results, 8 components and 42 indicators for measuring competitiveness were determined. The components included general destination conditions, tourism policy and planning, destination management, public infrastructure, reinforcing and supporting factors, key resources and attractions, tourism services and demand that were determined on the basis of Ritchie and Crouch (2000 and 2003), Dwyer and Kim (2003), Goffi et al. (2013, 2016 and 2019) models, and the results of other researches in the field of competitiveness of tourism destinations. As well, 42 indicators were selected to measure these 8 components of competitiveness of urban tourist destinations. The main body of the indicators for measuring these eight components is also adapted from the study of Goffi (2013) and Goffi et al. (2019), which was most relevant to the characteristics of the research subject. However, adjustments have been made in the indicators obtained from Goffi's research, a number of indicators from other models and literature on the subject of competitiveness in the tourism industry and tourism system have been added to this collection, and some indicators have been integrated. Finally, these indicators and adjustments, 42 indicators were determined as the final indicators for measuring the competitiveness components of urban tourism destinations. As a result, the number of these indicators has been reduced on the one hand and made more complete on the other. Tourism experts confirmed the validity of the content of these indicators.
Results and Discussion
The results of this research showed that the public infrastructure component with 90% has the greatest impact on the competitiveness of urban tourism destinations. These results showed that the existence of infrastructure, services and tourism facilities and proper management, policy and planning of the destination improve the quality of the tourism experience, increasing tourist spending along with maximizing tourists' satisfaction with the products and services provided and long-term sustainability of the destination in economic, socio-cultural and environmental dimensions lead to grow in the competitiveness of the tourism destination against competitors. It was also found that there was a significant difference between the competitiveness of urban tourism destinations and based on that, Shiraz has the highest and Sari has the lowest level of competitiveness. In the field of ranking tourism destinations by components, the research results showed that Shiraz city, which in general has the first rank of competitiveness compared to other destinations, in four components of tourism policy and planning, destination management, reinforcing and supporting factors, and key resources and attractions, has the first ranking. These results showed that the three components of destination management, tourism policy and planning, and reinforcing and supporting factors, which are ranked second to fourth, have the key role in turning gifted or natural advantages such as key resources and attractions into a competitive advantage for urban tourism destinations.
Conclusion
Distinguishing features of this study compared to previous ones are comparison of competitiveness measurement indicators with urban tourism destinations, determining the effect of each components of urban tourism destinations competitiveness, measuring the competitiveness of selected tourism destinations in general and by components, comparing the level of competitiveness of twelve urban tourism destinations in general and by components and their ranking. Using the findings of this study, managers and policy-makers of tourism destination development can determine the development priorities, strengths and weaknesses of destinations and how to improve the competitiveness of urban tourism destinations compared to competitors.
urban tourism
University of Tehran
2423-6926
8
v.
1
no.
2021
143
161
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_82501_6f82eb4bdf2f4b2bdbd004fc77afdd99.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jut.2021.310205.836