Faculty of Geography- University of Tehranurban tourism2423-69269220220723Profile of Positive and Negative Motivations of Local (Urban-Rural) Tourism during the Corona (SARS-CoV-2) Disease EpidemicProfile of Positive and Negative Motivations of Local (Urban-Rural) Tourism during the Corona (SARS-CoV-2) Disease Epidemic1128716410.22059/jut.2022.321724.895FAKhadijrhBouzarjomehriDepartment of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranAmiraliBroumandDepartment of Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220409<strong>Abstract</strong>
The epidemic of the corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) in the years 2020 until now (2022) has caused the emergence of critical conditions in the global arena and has transformed the international economic, social and environmental equations. The tourism industry, as one of the most important areas affected by this crisis, is experiencing new conditions due to the restrictions and quarantines imposed at the international, national and local levels, which have led to new opportunities, challenges and threats. Currently, due to the continuation of the restrictions caused by the Corona epidemic in Iran, inter-provincial travel has been announced as limited and prohibited, and in this situation, local tourism has become the focus of many people's attention as a cheap, accessible and desirable option. The aim of the current research is to investigate the motivations of local tourism (urban-rural) during the Corona epidemic with a qualitative approach, with the help of the grounded theory method. The studied population were Mashhad tourists who had at least five local tourism trips (urban-rural) in 2018 and 2019. The sample size of the research was conducted using the two criteria of "diversity" and "reaching the theoretical saturation point" with 44 semi-structured interviews. The interviews were fully implemented and then the open, central and selective codes were counted. The findings of this research indicate that the underlying conditions of attracting tourists to local tourist destinations during the Corona pandemic were "meeting relatives and taking care of personal affairs" and "accommodation in ecotourism resorts". Also, the intervening conditions were "nature tourism experiences" and "village tourism experiences", causal conditions, "corona stress and health issues" and "visiting cultural-historical attractions", strategies "physical organization of local tourism spaces", ecological revitalization of the environment" and " Reconstruction of the rural fabric" and the consequences, "diversification of the rural economy", "protection of the village environment", "giving identity to the village body" and "relaxation and mental and physical healing of tourists" have been. Based on this, the paradigm model of the current research was presented and some suggestions were made.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has had a major impact on a wide range of industries, especially the tourism industry. The effects of this epidemic were long-term quarantines and closures or a significant reduction in the capacity to provide tourism services, resulting in a major blow to global, national and local economies. In Iran, on February 19, 2020, two patients in the city of Qom were confirmed as positive coronavirus, and shortly afterwards, the disease spread with incredible speed in all provinces of the country. Mashhad was one of the metropolises that faced the epidemic of coronavirus and was forced to follow the strict law of quarantine. During this period, according to the official announcement of the Ministry of Health, inter-provincial tourism trips were banned in the country for a long period of time, and heavy fines were imposed on tourists who left their native provinces for unnecessary reasons such as tourism.
Since the official announcement of the outbreak of the disease and the application of quarantines until now, the only possible tourism alternatives for many residents of the country's provinces is intra-provincial destinations. Therefore, the citizens of Mashhad have been able to travel to cities and villages within the province of Khorasan Razavi only if they follow the rules. The aim of this study was to identify the main motivation of Mashhad citizens from local (urban-rural) tourism. With this explanation, it should be said that although in recent years significant research such as research by Demirovich et al. (2019), Lewis and Alessandra (2019), Garms et al. (2017), Badri et al. (2015), Bayat and Badri (2015), Rezvani et al. (1397), Habibi and Mahmoudi (1396) and Mokhtari et al. (1399) have been done in this field, but in the study area, no research based on identifying the motivations of tourists has been done. In addition, the lack of similar research in the current critical period in the situation of epidemics and quarantine and the simultaneous study of positive motivations as attractive factors of tourism by granded theory, which has not been studied simultaneously in any previous research, are among the innovations of this study.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The present study uses a qualitative approach and contextual theory to collect data from in-depth interviews (formal or semi-structured) to help achieve a paradigm model through inductive reasoning and extracted concepts that explain the motivation of Mashhad tourists to local tourism during the epidemic. Be coronary heart disease. The sampling method is purposeful by trying to obtain the maximum variety that provides the most information about the research topic. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved and until the categories became stable. In this regard, in-depth interviews were conducted with 44 citizens living in Mashhad who had at least 5 local trips in the period in question, in person, by phone and in cyberspace (Skype and Google Mate software). Data analysis is based on grounded theory.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Descriptive statistics of the respondents show that the number of interviewees is equal in terms of gender and each constitutes 50%. The mean age of the respondents was 29 years and most of them were 17 (38.6%) in the age groups of 22 to 26 years and 14 (32%) were over 36 years, respectively. Most of the respondents (29.6%) had a master's degree and the majority (50%) were students.
Interviews were fully implemented and then open source, pivotal, and selective codes were enumerated. The findings of this study indicate that the background conditions for attracting tourists to local tourism destinations during the Corona pandemic were "visiting relatives and taking care of personal affairs" and "accommodation in ecotourism resorts". Also intervening conditions were "nature experiences" and "rural experiences", causal conditions, "corona stress and health issues" and "visiting cultural-historical attractions", strategies "physical organization of local tourism spaces", ecological revitalization of the environment. And "Rural Reconstruction" and its consequences, "Diversity to the rural economy", "Protection of the rural environment", "Identification to the local architecture of the village" and "Peace and relief of the mental, psychological and physical healing of tourists". Based on this, the paradigm model of the present study was presented and some suggestions were made.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The findings about Corona disease is on the rise and the unknown nature of the disease and the many bad news reports in the media have significantly heightened public anxiety. This growing anxiety, called coronary stress, is more and more worrying for people with underlying conditions such as diabetes and medical staff, including doctors, nurses and other hospital staff who are in direct and indirect contact with the disease. Therefore, in analyzing the findings and matching the results, it should be said that the most important factor of the interviewees was coronary stress and health issues with 65.9%, which fully indicates the concern of people about health threats. Also, the most lost, which 47.7% of tourists are looking for, is peace of mind, mental and physical.
The results of the present study, unlike Jafari and Hafezizadeh (2017), who considered the most important factor in attracting tourists to rural areas as ownership or residence in second homes, and the research of Ali Gholizadeh Firoozjaei et al. The tourist destination considers social and cultural tourism attractions as the most important factor in attracting tourists, and considers the relaxation and relief of mental, psychological and physical tensions as the most important and key factor in attracting tourists. This study is in line with the findings of Yaghoubi and Zubeidi (1397) who explained the provision of a calm environment as one of the main motivations for reverse migration to the village and also mentioned psychological peace as one of its consequences.
At the end, 8 strategic proposals for the sustainable development of local tourism in villages and small towns in the province were presented to the competent authorities.
<strong>Abstract</strong>
The epidemic of the corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) in the years 2020 until now (2022) has caused the emergence of critical conditions in the global arena and has transformed the international economic, social and environmental equations. The tourism industry, as one of the most important areas affected by this crisis, is experiencing new conditions due to the restrictions and quarantines imposed at the international, national and local levels, which have led to new opportunities, challenges and threats. Currently, due to the continuation of the restrictions caused by the Corona epidemic in Iran, inter-provincial travel has been announced as limited and prohibited, and in this situation, local tourism has become the focus of many people's attention as a cheap, accessible and desirable option. The aim of the current research is to investigate the motivations of local tourism (urban-rural) during the Corona epidemic with a qualitative approach, with the help of the grounded theory method. The studied population were Mashhad tourists who had at least five local tourism trips (urban-rural) in 2018 and 2019. The sample size of the research was conducted using the two criteria of "diversity" and "reaching the theoretical saturation point" with 44 semi-structured interviews. The interviews were fully implemented and then the open, central and selective codes were counted. The findings of this research indicate that the underlying conditions of attracting tourists to local tourist destinations during the Corona pandemic were "meeting relatives and taking care of personal affairs" and "accommodation in ecotourism resorts". Also, the intervening conditions were "nature tourism experiences" and "village tourism experiences", causal conditions, "corona stress and health issues" and "visiting cultural-historical attractions", strategies "physical organization of local tourism spaces", ecological revitalization of the environment" and " Reconstruction of the rural fabric" and the consequences, "diversification of the rural economy", "protection of the village environment", "giving identity to the village body" and "relaxation and mental and physical healing of tourists" have been. Based on this, the paradigm model of the current research was presented and some suggestions were made.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has had a major impact on a wide range of industries, especially the tourism industry. The effects of this epidemic were long-term quarantines and closures or a significant reduction in the capacity to provide tourism services, resulting in a major blow to global, national and local economies. In Iran, on February 19, 2020, two patients in the city of Qom were confirmed as positive coronavirus, and shortly afterwards, the disease spread with incredible speed in all provinces of the country. Mashhad was one of the metropolises that faced the epidemic of coronavirus and was forced to follow the strict law of quarantine. During this period, according to the official announcement of the Ministry of Health, inter-provincial tourism trips were banned in the country for a long period of time, and heavy fines were imposed on tourists who left their native provinces for unnecessary reasons such as tourism.
Since the official announcement of the outbreak of the disease and the application of quarantines until now, the only possible tourism alternatives for many residents of the country's provinces is intra-provincial destinations. Therefore, the citizens of Mashhad have been able to travel to cities and villages within the province of Khorasan Razavi only if they follow the rules. The aim of this study was to identify the main motivation of Mashhad citizens from local (urban-rural) tourism. With this explanation, it should be said that although in recent years significant research such as research by Demirovich et al. (2019), Lewis and Alessandra (2019), Garms et al. (2017), Badri et al. (2015), Bayat and Badri (2015), Rezvani et al. (1397), Habibi and Mahmoudi (1396) and Mokhtari et al. (1399) have been done in this field, but in the study area, no research based on identifying the motivations of tourists has been done. In addition, the lack of similar research in the current critical period in the situation of epidemics and quarantine and the simultaneous study of positive motivations as attractive factors of tourism by granded theory, which has not been studied simultaneously in any previous research, are among the innovations of this study.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The present study uses a qualitative approach and contextual theory to collect data from in-depth interviews (formal or semi-structured) to help achieve a paradigm model through inductive reasoning and extracted concepts that explain the motivation of Mashhad tourists to local tourism during the epidemic. Be coronary heart disease. The sampling method is purposeful by trying to obtain the maximum variety that provides the most information about the research topic. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved and until the categories became stable. In this regard, in-depth interviews were conducted with 44 citizens living in Mashhad who had at least 5 local trips in the period in question, in person, by phone and in cyberspace (Skype and Google Mate software). Data analysis is based on grounded theory.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Descriptive statistics of the respondents show that the number of interviewees is equal in terms of gender and each constitutes 50%. The mean age of the respondents was 29 years and most of them were 17 (38.6%) in the age groups of 22 to 26 years and 14 (32%) were over 36 years, respectively. Most of the respondents (29.6%) had a master's degree and the majority (50%) were students.
Interviews were fully implemented and then open source, pivotal, and selective codes were enumerated. The findings of this study indicate that the background conditions for attracting tourists to local tourism destinations during the Corona pandemic were "visiting relatives and taking care of personal affairs" and "accommodation in ecotourism resorts". Also intervening conditions were "nature experiences" and "rural experiences", causal conditions, "corona stress and health issues" and "visiting cultural-historical attractions", strategies "physical organization of local tourism spaces", ecological revitalization of the environment. And "Rural Reconstruction" and its consequences, "Diversity to the rural economy", "Protection of the rural environment", "Identification to the local architecture of the village" and "Peace and relief of the mental, psychological and physical healing of tourists". Based on this, the paradigm model of the present study was presented and some suggestions were made.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The findings about Corona disease is on the rise and the unknown nature of the disease and the many bad news reports in the media have significantly heightened public anxiety. This growing anxiety, called coronary stress, is more and more worrying for people with underlying conditions such as diabetes and medical staff, including doctors, nurses and other hospital staff who are in direct and indirect contact with the disease. Therefore, in analyzing the findings and matching the results, it should be said that the most important factor of the interviewees was coronary stress and health issues with 65.9%, which fully indicates the concern of people about health threats. Also, the most lost, which 47.7% of tourists are looking for, is peace of mind, mental and physical.
The results of the present study, unlike Jafari and Hafezizadeh (2017), who considered the most important factor in attracting tourists to rural areas as ownership or residence in second homes, and the research of Ali Gholizadeh Firoozjaei et al. The tourist destination considers social and cultural tourism attractions as the most important factor in attracting tourists, and considers the relaxation and relief of mental, psychological and physical tensions as the most important and key factor in attracting tourists. This study is in line with the findings of Yaghoubi and Zubeidi (1397) who explained the provision of a calm environment as one of the main motivations for reverse migration to the village and also mentioned psychological peace as one of its consequences.
At the end, 8 strategic proposals for the sustainable development of local tourism in villages and small towns in the province were presented to the competent authorities.
https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_87164_737541632e2e92a28fd071b2b798f0f9.pdfFaculty of Geography- University of Tehranurban tourism2423-69269220220723Providing an experience-oriented tourism model in creative cultural attractions
Case study: Tehran cityProviding an experience-oriented tourism model in creative cultural attractions
Case study: Tehran city13268799210.22059/jut.2022.339631.1018FAMajidFarhadi UonakiDepartment of Management, Faculty of Tourism Sciences, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, IranManouchehrJahanianDepartment of Management, Faculty of Tourism Sciences, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, IranMehdiPourtaheriDepartment of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranAbdolreza RokneddinEftekhariDepartment of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220409<strong>Abstract</strong>
Tourism is taking a new path and a new approach in tourism is being formed, which can be called experience-oriented tourism. Experience-oriented tourism is a new concept of tourism that expresses the new desires and attitudes of tourists regarding the concept of travel and tourism. Therefore, the current research seeks to achieve the following goals: Identifying the components and criteria that explain experience-oriented tourism in creative cultural attractions and then presenting a suitable model of experience-oriented tourism in creative cultural attractions. Therefore, by interviewing 16 people from Tehran, 12 attractions were identified as creative cultural attractions of the studied area. In the following, 20 experts in the research field were interviewed in a semi-structured way using judgmental and snowball sampling methods. In the form of qualitative method of content analysis with inductive approach and with the help of MaxQda21 software, the research data were coded. After each interview, the coding process was done and the research model was drawn with three-step coding. The findings indicate that 10 main components or categories, which are mental image before the visit, individual characteristics, expectations and motivation, creative experience, the course of memorable experiences, environment and atmosphere of experiences, satisfaction, loyalty and lasting memories, are the most essential components identified. They are creative in forming an experience-oriented tourism pattern in cultural attractions.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Tourism is taking a new path, and a new approach is being formed, which can be called experience-based tourism. Experience-based tourism is a new concept of tourism that expresses tourists' new desires and attitudes to the concept of travel and tourism. Since creative tourism has the highest semantic similarity with experience-based tourism, creative cultural attractions have been selected as the case study in this research. In the present study, creative cultural attractions are attractions that can create a creative experience. Thus, such attractions have the following characteristics: innovative (along with excitement), involve the tourist, participate in the process of visiting, create a sense of liberation, create a good feeling, inform, meaningful, original, and create memorable experiences, ultimately. Hence, attractions in Tehran were selected by observing and interviewing experts. What is proposed about this creative attraction in Tehran is that they do not have the necessary optimality in terms of the mentioned features. In other words, these attractions have not created the required environment and atmosphere to create memorable experiences in tourists' minds as they should. This is because the attitude and behavior of today's tourists have changed compared to the past, and it is not possible to have loyal tourists with the same traditional strategies of the past. This is because nowadays, tourists are more flexible, more sensitive to the environment, more adventurous, and more interested in seeking diverse and new experiences. Therefore, tourism literature and industry face a new concept and approach in tourism called experience-based tourism, which aims to breathe new life into the creative attractions of Tehran. It is also likely to change tourism destinations' marketing and planning strategies. Therefore, according to what has been said, the present study seeks to answer two research questions:
-What are the components and criteria explaining experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions?
-What is the appropriate model of experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The present research is exploratory-applied in terms of purpose, in the category of fundamental research in terms of the audience, and qualitative in terms of the data collection method. In this study, the inductive qualitative content analysis approach was used with the help of MAXQDA21 software for analyzing the data. Semi-structured interviews were used as data collection tools. At the end of each interview, the interviewees were asked to introduce subject-aware experts to be used in subsequent interviews. Each interview was completely recorded with a device.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The findings of the present study are the result of the 20 interviews' output via the inductive qualitative content analysis method so that each interview was coded after it and the next interview was conducted. In this regard, MAXQDA21 software was used and 54 codes or indexes were extracted. The mentioned codes are in the form of nine main categories or components, mental image (3 codes), personal characteristics (2 codes), motivation and expectations (5 codes), creative experience (20 codes), the atmosphere of experiences (14 codes), memorable experience process (3 codes), satisfaction (3 codes), loyalty (3 codes) and lasting memories (1 code) were included and the research model was drawn. It should be mentioned that by interviewing 16 Tehranologists and experts, 12 attractions in Tehran were identified as creative cultural attractions, which are: 1. National Museum of the Islamic Revolution and Holy Defense, 2. Dabir Ol-Molk Building, 3. Vaziri Caved Museum, 4. Tehran Book Garden, 5. Museum of Music, 6. Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, 7. Tehran Peace Museum, 8. Iran Ebrat Museum, 9. Museum of the Qasr Prison, 10. Persian Cat Museum, 11. Roya Park, 12. The collection of workshops and arts and crafts ateliers as creative cultural attractions. These attractions can potentially implement an experience-based tourism model and can be optimized in this regard.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
By expressing experience-based tourism, the present study considers it an approach in tourism literature and industry that seeks to create memorable creative experiences for tourists and visitors of Tehran's creative cultural attractions. Thus opportunities will be created for the development of these attractions. The study of research background indicates that the model of experience-based tourism in the field of attractions is not creative, or in other words, the models presented in this field are not comprehensive and complete that can be used for creative cultural attractions. Therefore, the present study seeks to achieve the following objectives:
- Identifying the components and criteria explaining experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions and then providing an appropriate model of experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions.
Based on the research model and from the perspective of the present author, the following definition is provided for experience-based tourism:
Experience-based tourism is a dynamic process that begins before planning and preparing a trip in line with the expectations, motivations, and individual characteristics of the tourist; during the visit, it tries to form a creative experience, with the active participation of tourist; an experience that is semantic, emotional, cultural, informative, and new to the tourist.
This experience becomes memorable when the environment and atmosphere of the experiences are optimized in line with the concept of creative experience.<strong>Abstract</strong>
Tourism is taking a new path and a new approach in tourism is being formed, which can be called experience-oriented tourism. Experience-oriented tourism is a new concept of tourism that expresses the new desires and attitudes of tourists regarding the concept of travel and tourism. Therefore, the current research seeks to achieve the following goals: Identifying the components and criteria that explain experience-oriented tourism in creative cultural attractions and then presenting a suitable model of experience-oriented tourism in creative cultural attractions. Therefore, by interviewing 16 people from Tehran, 12 attractions were identified as creative cultural attractions of the studied area. In the following, 20 experts in the research field were interviewed in a semi-structured way using judgmental and snowball sampling methods. In the form of qualitative method of content analysis with inductive approach and with the help of MaxQda21 software, the research data were coded. After each interview, the coding process was done and the research model was drawn with three-step coding. The findings indicate that 10 main components or categories, which are mental image before the visit, individual characteristics, expectations and motivation, creative experience, the course of memorable experiences, environment and atmosphere of experiences, satisfaction, loyalty and lasting memories, are the most essential components identified. They are creative in forming an experience-oriented tourism pattern in cultural attractions.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Tourism is taking a new path, and a new approach is being formed, which can be called experience-based tourism. Experience-based tourism is a new concept of tourism that expresses tourists' new desires and attitudes to the concept of travel and tourism. Since creative tourism has the highest semantic similarity with experience-based tourism, creative cultural attractions have been selected as the case study in this research. In the present study, creative cultural attractions are attractions that can create a creative experience. Thus, such attractions have the following characteristics: innovative (along with excitement), involve the tourist, participate in the process of visiting, create a sense of liberation, create a good feeling, inform, meaningful, original, and create memorable experiences, ultimately. Hence, attractions in Tehran were selected by observing and interviewing experts. What is proposed about this creative attraction in Tehran is that they do not have the necessary optimality in terms of the mentioned features. In other words, these attractions have not created the required environment and atmosphere to create memorable experiences in tourists' minds as they should. This is because the attitude and behavior of today's tourists have changed compared to the past, and it is not possible to have loyal tourists with the same traditional strategies of the past. This is because nowadays, tourists are more flexible, more sensitive to the environment, more adventurous, and more interested in seeking diverse and new experiences. Therefore, tourism literature and industry face a new concept and approach in tourism called experience-based tourism, which aims to breathe new life into the creative attractions of Tehran. It is also likely to change tourism destinations' marketing and planning strategies. Therefore, according to what has been said, the present study seeks to answer two research questions:
-What are the components and criteria explaining experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions?
-What is the appropriate model of experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The present research is exploratory-applied in terms of purpose, in the category of fundamental research in terms of the audience, and qualitative in terms of the data collection method. In this study, the inductive qualitative content analysis approach was used with the help of MAXQDA21 software for analyzing the data. Semi-structured interviews were used as data collection tools. At the end of each interview, the interviewees were asked to introduce subject-aware experts to be used in subsequent interviews. Each interview was completely recorded with a device.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The findings of the present study are the result of the 20 interviews' output via the inductive qualitative content analysis method so that each interview was coded after it and the next interview was conducted. In this regard, MAXQDA21 software was used and 54 codes or indexes were extracted. The mentioned codes are in the form of nine main categories or components, mental image (3 codes), personal characteristics (2 codes), motivation and expectations (5 codes), creative experience (20 codes), the atmosphere of experiences (14 codes), memorable experience process (3 codes), satisfaction (3 codes), loyalty (3 codes) and lasting memories (1 code) were included and the research model was drawn. It should be mentioned that by interviewing 16 Tehranologists and experts, 12 attractions in Tehran were identified as creative cultural attractions, which are: 1. National Museum of the Islamic Revolution and Holy Defense, 2. Dabir Ol-Molk Building, 3. Vaziri Caved Museum, 4. Tehran Book Garden, 5. Museum of Music, 6. Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, 7. Tehran Peace Museum, 8. Iran Ebrat Museum, 9. Museum of the Qasr Prison, 10. Persian Cat Museum, 11. Roya Park, 12. The collection of workshops and arts and crafts ateliers as creative cultural attractions. These attractions can potentially implement an experience-based tourism model and can be optimized in this regard.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
By expressing experience-based tourism, the present study considers it an approach in tourism literature and industry that seeks to create memorable creative experiences for tourists and visitors of Tehran's creative cultural attractions. Thus opportunities will be created for the development of these attractions. The study of research background indicates that the model of experience-based tourism in the field of attractions is not creative, or in other words, the models presented in this field are not comprehensive and complete that can be used for creative cultural attractions. Therefore, the present study seeks to achieve the following objectives:
- Identifying the components and criteria explaining experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions and then providing an appropriate model of experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions.
Based on the research model and from the perspective of the present author, the following definition is provided for experience-based tourism:
Experience-based tourism is a dynamic process that begins before planning and preparing a trip in line with the expectations, motivations, and individual characteristics of the tourist; during the visit, it tries to form a creative experience, with the active participation of tourist; an experience that is semantic, emotional, cultural, informative, and new to the tourist.
This experience becomes memorable when the environment and atmosphere of the experiences are optimized in line with the concept of creative experience.https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_87992_e2e0363c04c2177d883ca93a6e4ef2e4.pdfFaculty of Geography- University of Tehranurban tourism2423-69269220220723Assessment of Medical Tourism Barriers In Tabriz CityAssessment of Medical Tourism Barriers In Tabriz City27399046710.22059/jut.2021.316388.868FAAbolfazlGhanbariDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranFaribaKaramiDepartment of Geomorphology, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranTahaImanzadehDepartment of Geography and Tourism Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20220409Abstract
In recent years, the tourism industry has become one of the most lucrative industries in the world and there is intense competition among many countries to attract tourists. Meanwhile, medical tourism, as one of the indicators of health tourism, is a growing phenomenon in the 21st century, which has one of the fastest developments in the tourism market. It also has high economic and social benefits for the destination country and city. Tabriz is a university city and one of the educational and research hubs of the country in medical sciences and welcomes medical tourists from countries in the region that face obstacles and challenges in this industry. The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary and field information. The statistical population of this study consists of the staff of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts of East Azerbaijan Province, professors of the Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences of Tabriz University and physicians and specialists of public and private medical centers in Tabriz. In three weeks, 70 questionnaires were completed, of which 67 were suitable for use; The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and analyzed by structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The evaluated variables, barriers to medical tourism were extracted from the summary of previous studies. The results showed that the barriers to medical tourism in Tabriz according to the path coefficients of the variables are: Language, communication and advertising barriers with a path coefficient of 0.271 in the first place has the greatest impact on the lack of development of medical tourism and the rest respectively Barriers to specialized manpower with a coefficient of 0.230, barriers to policy-making, legislation and monitoring and evaluation with a coefficient of 0.205, economic barriers with a coefficient of 0.189, barriers to facilities and infrastructure with a coefficient of 0.187 are in the next ranks. The results of this study show that except for the variable of manpower barriers, other variables have a role in the lack of development of medical tourism in Tabriz.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
In recent years, the tourism industry has become one of the most lucrative industries in the world, and there is intense competition among many countries to attract tourists. Meanwhile, medical tourism, as one of the indicators of health tourism, is a growing phenomenon in the 21st century, which has one of the fastest developments in the tourism market. It also has high economic and social benefits for the destination country and city. In 2017, all statistics and reports, including the World Health Organization forecast, indicate the growing growth of medical tourism in the world. Various sources estimate the global medical tourism revenue between $10.5 billion in 2012 to $32 billion in 2019 and forecast to reach $3 trillion by 2025. The Medical Tourism Association also estimated the global medical tourism revenue in 2016 at $100 billion. Currently, the main reasons for patients traveling to Iran are related to the quality of health services, low costs of medicine and treatment compared to other countries in the region, access to advanced and new equipment, the presence of specialists and efficient staff in the field of health, similar culture and language and lack of equipment and specialized forces in the country of origin. In the fourth and fifth development plans of Iran in the field of health, active presence in global markets due to the growing growth of globalization as the main approach with the aim of job creation, quality growth in the health sector and approaching global standards, earn and currency exchange to the country and supporting economic growth and becoming a health tourism hub in the region is considered.<br />Tabriz is a university city and one of the educational and research hubs of the country in medical sciences, and welcomes medical tourists from countries in the region which faces obstacles and challenges in this industry.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary and field information. The statistical population of this study consists of the staff of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts of East Azerbaijan Province, professors of the Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences of Tabriz University and physicians and specialists of public and private medical centers in Tabriz. In three weeks, 70 questionnaires were completed, of which 67 were suitable for use; The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and analyzed by structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The evaluated variables, barriers to medical tourism, were extracted from the summary of previous studies.
<strong>Results and discussion </strong>
Rejecting the effect of human power barriers on the lack of development of medical tourism: According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27) is equal to 0.054; there is no significant relationship between the variable of human power barriers and the lack of development of medical tourism.
No rejection of the effect of economic barriers on the lack of development of medical tourism: According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27), it is equal to 0.026; there is a significant relationship.
No rejection of the effect of barriers to policy-making, legislation, monitoring, evaluation on the lack of development of medical tourism:
According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27), it is equal to 0.028; there is a significant relationship between the variables of barriers to policy-making, legislation, monitoring, evaluation and underdevelopment of medical tourism.
No rejection of the effect of language barriers, communication, advertising on the lack of development of medical tourism:
According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27), it is equal to 0.020; there is a significant relationship between the variables of language barriers, communication, advertising and lack of development of medical tourism.
No rejection of the effect of barriers of facilities and infrastructure on the lack of development of medical tourism:
According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27), it is equal to 0.021; there is a significant relationship between the variable barriers of facilities and infrastructure and the lack of development of medical tourism.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusions</strong>
The results of this study show that except for the variable of manpower barriers, other variables have a role in the lack of development of medical tourism in Tabriz. Also, the results of the collected data showed that economic barriers, policy barriers, legislation, monitoring, evaluation, language barriers, communications, advertising, barriers to facilities and infrastructure effectively affect the lack of development of medical tourism (Hypothesis 1, 2, 4, 5). This is important according to the researches of experts such as Nagarjan (2004), Ye et al. (2008), Asnov and Rekrojipol (2011), Chen et al. (2012), Rokni et al. (2017), Verolava and Zhurbendze (2018), Haghighi Kafash Et al. (2010), Sadrmomtaz and Agha Rahimi (2010), Turani et al. (2011), Delgoshaei et al. Azizi and Zahedi (2015), Karami et al. (2015), are confirmed. Contrary to the results of previous studies, the results of this study showed that human power barriers have no effect on the lack of development of medical tourism (Hypothesis 3).Abstract
In recent years, the tourism industry has become one of the most lucrative industries in the world and there is intense competition among many countries to attract tourists. Meanwhile, medical tourism, as one of the indicators of health tourism, is a growing phenomenon in the 21st century, which has one of the fastest developments in the tourism market. It also has high economic and social benefits for the destination country and city. Tabriz is a university city and one of the educational and research hubs of the country in medical sciences and welcomes medical tourists from countries in the region that face obstacles and challenges in this industry. The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary and field information. The statistical population of this study consists of the staff of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts of East Azerbaijan Province, professors of the Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences of Tabriz University and physicians and specialists of public and private medical centers in Tabriz. In three weeks, 70 questionnaires were completed, of which 67 were suitable for use; The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and analyzed by structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The evaluated variables, barriers to medical tourism were extracted from the summary of previous studies. The results showed that the barriers to medical tourism in Tabriz according to the path coefficients of the variables are: Language, communication and advertising barriers with a path coefficient of 0.271 in the first place has the greatest impact on the lack of development of medical tourism and the rest respectively Barriers to specialized manpower with a coefficient of 0.230, barriers to policy-making, legislation and monitoring and evaluation with a coefficient of 0.205, economic barriers with a coefficient of 0.189, barriers to facilities and infrastructure with a coefficient of 0.187 are in the next ranks. The results of this study show that except for the variable of manpower barriers, other variables have a role in the lack of development of medical tourism in Tabriz.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
In recent years, the tourism industry has become one of the most lucrative industries in the world, and there is intense competition among many countries to attract tourists. Meanwhile, medical tourism, as one of the indicators of health tourism, is a growing phenomenon in the 21st century, which has one of the fastest developments in the tourism market. It also has high economic and social benefits for the destination country and city. In 2017, all statistics and reports, including the World Health Organization forecast, indicate the growing growth of medical tourism in the world. Various sources estimate the global medical tourism revenue between $10.5 billion in 2012 to $32 billion in 2019 and forecast to reach $3 trillion by 2025. The Medical Tourism Association also estimated the global medical tourism revenue in 2016 at $100 billion. Currently, the main reasons for patients traveling to Iran are related to the quality of health services, low costs of medicine and treatment compared to other countries in the region, access to advanced and new equipment, the presence of specialists and efficient staff in the field of health, similar culture and language and lack of equipment and specialized forces in the country of origin. In the fourth and fifth development plans of Iran in the field of health, active presence in global markets due to the growing growth of globalization as the main approach with the aim of job creation, quality growth in the health sector and approaching global standards, earn and currency exchange to the country and supporting economic growth and becoming a health tourism hub in the region is considered.<br />Tabriz is a university city and one of the educational and research hubs of the country in medical sciences, and welcomes medical tourists from countries in the region which faces obstacles and challenges in this industry.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary and field information. The statistical population of this study consists of the staff of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts of East Azerbaijan Province, professors of the Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences of Tabriz University and physicians and specialists of public and private medical centers in Tabriz. In three weeks, 70 questionnaires were completed, of which 67 were suitable for use; The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and analyzed by structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The evaluated variables, barriers to medical tourism, were extracted from the summary of previous studies.
<strong>Results and discussion </strong>
Rejecting the effect of human power barriers on the lack of development of medical tourism: According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27) is equal to 0.054; there is no significant relationship between the variable of human power barriers and the lack of development of medical tourism.
No rejection of the effect of economic barriers on the lack of development of medical tourism: According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27), it is equal to 0.026; there is a significant relationship.
No rejection of the effect of barriers to policy-making, legislation, monitoring, evaluation on the lack of development of medical tourism:
According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27), it is equal to 0.028; there is a significant relationship between the variables of barriers to policy-making, legislation, monitoring, evaluation and underdevelopment of medical tourism.
No rejection of the effect of language barriers, communication, advertising on the lack of development of medical tourism:
According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27), it is equal to 0.020; there is a significant relationship between the variables of language barriers, communication, advertising and lack of development of medical tourism.
No rejection of the effect of barriers of facilities and infrastructure on the lack of development of medical tourism:
According to the confidence interval obtained from the evaluation results of the medical tourism barriers evaluation model in Table (4-27), it is equal to 0.021; there is a significant relationship between the variable barriers of facilities and infrastructure and the lack of development of medical tourism.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusions</strong>
The results of this study show that except for the variable of manpower barriers, other variables have a role in the lack of development of medical tourism in Tabriz. Also, the results of the collected data showed that economic barriers, policy barriers, legislation, monitoring, evaluation, language barriers, communications, advertising, barriers to facilities and infrastructure effectively affect the lack of development of medical tourism (Hypothesis 1, 2, 4, 5). This is important according to the researches of experts such as Nagarjan (2004), Ye et al. (2008), Asnov and Rekrojipol (2011), Chen et al. (2012), Rokni et al. (2017), Verolava and Zhurbendze (2018), Haghighi Kafash Et al. (2010), Sadrmomtaz and Agha Rahimi (2010), Turani et al. (2011), Delgoshaei et al. Azizi and Zahedi (2015), Karami et al. (2015), are confirmed. Contrary to the results of previous studies, the results of this study showed that human power barriers have no effect on the lack of development of medical tourism (Hypothesis 3).https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_90467_d535427f1ff398fef8d3e1bfea10348f.pdfFaculty of Geography- University of Tehranurban tourism2423-69269220220723Post-Covid-19 Tourism Recovery Model based on Virtual Tours
Tehran MetropolisPost-Covid-19 Tourism Recovery Model based on Virtual Tours
Tehran Metropolis41548935910.22059/jut.2022.341752.1033FAParisaBeikiDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1122-2373ZahraSafazade AvalDepartment of business management-international Kish branch- Islamic Azad University- Kish Island - IranJournal Article20220408With the widespread outbreak of coronavirus (Covid-19), this industry was more affected by the negative effects than other industries due to its service nature and human communication. So that for a long time all tourism activities around the world stopped. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify the main factors affecting the recovery of tourism in the post-Covid-19 era based on virtual tours and finally to present a model for the metropolis of Tehran. The present research is applied and in terms of content and method, is in the category of descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of the present study includes experts and specialists in the field of tourism and urban planning. The volume of the statistical sample is 148 people which is calculated through Sample power software. SPSS and Smart-PLS software were exerted to analyze the data. The findings of data analysis showed that policies and institutions with a coefficient of 0.884, infrastructure and virtual equipment with a coefficient of 0.652, advertising and information with a coefficient of 0.637, understanding of virtual tours with a coefficient of 0.445, the tendency to visit the destination with a coefficient of 0.364, respectively, have the greatest impact on the recovery of post-Covid-19 tourism. Therefore, it is clear that the criteria under study are interconnected in a chain. It is necessary for managers and relevant officials to continuously focus on the criteria and integrate them to achieve tourism recovery.<br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />The Covid-19 pandemic is one of the most important and influential events of the 21st century. In fact, the expansion of Covid-19 has weakened the world, and governments worldwide have imposed restrictions such as border closures, social quarantine, flight delays, closure of public places, and so on to prevent its spread. Obviously, all these restrictions have affected the travel and tourism industry the most, a sector that has often operated in its safe environment. Therefore, what is needed is the use of new approaches to reform the structure and recovery of tourism in the post-Covid-19 era. The use of virtual reality techniques in tourism development has created a new approach to tourism and has designed a virtual visitor. In this regard, we see that most countries active in the field of tourism, realizing the need for the issue, have concluded that they should use new and different methods to maintain contact with customers and tourists. And the remarkable thing is that even famous and well-known destinations have taken a step in this direction and have developed virtual tours to maintain tourist interest. Due to its historical antiquity and various monuments, Tehran is considered an important tourist destination and source of income. But it has not yet been able to establish itself as an active, cohesive, and organized destination, especially at the international level, which the Covid-19 outbreak has exacerbated. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main factors affecting the recovery of tourism in the post-Covid-19 era based on virtual tours and finally to present a model for the metropolis of Tehran.<br /> <br />-What is the model of tourism recovery in Tehran metropolis in the post-Covid-19 era based on virtual tours?<br /> <br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />The present research is applied, and in the field of content and method is among descriptive-analytical research. The required information was collected through the library and field method. The statistical population of the present study includes experts and specialists in the field of tourism and urban planning, and the volume of the statistical sample in this study, due to the use of structural equations, is calculated through the Sample power software and is 148 people. The research questionnaire was provided to seven experts in order to assess its validity and was approved. Cronbach's alpha was used for the reliability of the questionnaire, which was obtained above 0.8 for all items. As a result, it was accepted, and according to the experts, there is no critical overlap between the items. The sampling method is also purposeful (due to the existence of a limited community and the fact that the field of research is also a specialized field, in fact, the researcher sampled in a chain). Then, to analyze the descriptive statistics of the research, SPSS software is used, and finally, to present the tourism recovery model in the post-Covid-19 era based on virtual tours and to analyze the impact of factors on each other, Smart-PLS software was exerted.<br /> <br /><strong>Result and discussion</strong><br />According to the results, it became clear that policies and institutions with a coefficient of 0.884, infrastructure and virtual equipment with a coefficient of 0.652, advertising and information with a coefficient of 0.637, understanding of virtual tours with a coefficient of 0.445, tendency to visit from the destination with a coefficient of 0.364, respectively, have the greatest impact on the recovery of post-Covid-19 tourism. On the other hand, policies and institutions affect infrastructure and virtual equipment with a coefficient of 0.841 and advertising and information with a coefficient of 0.634; virtual infrastructure and equipment affect understanding of virtual tours with a coefficient of 0.470; advertising and information affect the perception of virtual tours with a coefficient of 0.370, and the perception of virtual tours affect the tendency to visit the destination with a coefficient of 0.701.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Looking at the current situation in the metropolis of Tehran (review of statistics, figures, and field observations), especially in the context of the prevalence of Covid-19, it can be seen that this metropolis can achieve post-Covis-19 tourism internationally and attract tourists in a wide range if its primary focus is on policies and institutions in the form of such factors as legislation, financial and moral support of the government, the integration of relevant institutions and training of specialized personnel, which in turn lead to the strengthening of infrastructure and virtual facilities, and advertising and information as two essential criteria in the recovery of tourism. Subsequently, the ground for understanding virtual tours in the form of perceived ease, perceived usefulness, and perceived pleasure is formed and directly in the tendency to visit the destination in the form of obtaining more information about the destination, interest to visit, experience the destination, and recommend to others. Therefore, it is clear that the criteria under study are interconnected in a chain. It is necessary for managers and relevant officials to continuously focus on the criteria and integrate them to achieve tourism recovery.With the widespread outbreak of coronavirus (Covid-19), this industry was more affected by the negative effects than other industries due to its service nature and human communication. So that for a long time all tourism activities around the world stopped. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify the main factors affecting the recovery of tourism in the post-Covid-19 era based on virtual tours and finally to present a model for the metropolis of Tehran. The present research is applied and in terms of content and method, is in the category of descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of the present study includes experts and specialists in the field of tourism and urban planning. The volume of the statistical sample is 148 people which is calculated through Sample power software. SPSS and Smart-PLS software were exerted to analyze the data. The findings of data analysis showed that policies and institutions with a coefficient of 0.884, infrastructure and virtual equipment with a coefficient of 0.652, advertising and information with a coefficient of 0.637, understanding of virtual tours with a coefficient of 0.445, the tendency to visit the destination with a coefficient of 0.364, respectively, have the greatest impact on the recovery of post-Covid-19 tourism. Therefore, it is clear that the criteria under study are interconnected in a chain. It is necessary for managers and relevant officials to continuously focus on the criteria and integrate them to achieve tourism recovery.<br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />The Covid-19 pandemic is one of the most important and influential events of the 21st century. In fact, the expansion of Covid-19 has weakened the world, and governments worldwide have imposed restrictions such as border closures, social quarantine, flight delays, closure of public places, and so on to prevent its spread. Obviously, all these restrictions have affected the travel and tourism industry the most, a sector that has often operated in its safe environment. Therefore, what is needed is the use of new approaches to reform the structure and recovery of tourism in the post-Covid-19 era. The use of virtual reality techniques in tourism development has created a new approach to tourism and has designed a virtual visitor. In this regard, we see that most countries active in the field of tourism, realizing the need for the issue, have concluded that they should use new and different methods to maintain contact with customers and tourists. And the remarkable thing is that even famous and well-known destinations have taken a step in this direction and have developed virtual tours to maintain tourist interest. Due to its historical antiquity and various monuments, Tehran is considered an important tourist destination and source of income. But it has not yet been able to establish itself as an active, cohesive, and organized destination, especially at the international level, which the Covid-19 outbreak has exacerbated. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main factors affecting the recovery of tourism in the post-Covid-19 era based on virtual tours and finally to present a model for the metropolis of Tehran.<br /> <br />-What is the model of tourism recovery in Tehran metropolis in the post-Covid-19 era based on virtual tours?<br /> <br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />The present research is applied, and in the field of content and method is among descriptive-analytical research. The required information was collected through the library and field method. The statistical population of the present study includes experts and specialists in the field of tourism and urban planning, and the volume of the statistical sample in this study, due to the use of structural equations, is calculated through the Sample power software and is 148 people. The research questionnaire was provided to seven experts in order to assess its validity and was approved. Cronbach's alpha was used for the reliability of the questionnaire, which was obtained above 0.8 for all items. As a result, it was accepted, and according to the experts, there is no critical overlap between the items. The sampling method is also purposeful (due to the existence of a limited community and the fact that the field of research is also a specialized field, in fact, the researcher sampled in a chain). Then, to analyze the descriptive statistics of the research, SPSS software is used, and finally, to present the tourism recovery model in the post-Covid-19 era based on virtual tours and to analyze the impact of factors on each other, Smart-PLS software was exerted.<br /> <br /><strong>Result and discussion</strong><br />According to the results, it became clear that policies and institutions with a coefficient of 0.884, infrastructure and virtual equipment with a coefficient of 0.652, advertising and information with a coefficient of 0.637, understanding of virtual tours with a coefficient of 0.445, tendency to visit from the destination with a coefficient of 0.364, respectively, have the greatest impact on the recovery of post-Covid-19 tourism. On the other hand, policies and institutions affect infrastructure and virtual equipment with a coefficient of 0.841 and advertising and information with a coefficient of 0.634; virtual infrastructure and equipment affect understanding of virtual tours with a coefficient of 0.470; advertising and information affect the perception of virtual tours with a coefficient of 0.370, and the perception of virtual tours affect the tendency to visit the destination with a coefficient of 0.701.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Looking at the current situation in the metropolis of Tehran (review of statistics, figures, and field observations), especially in the context of the prevalence of Covid-19, it can be seen that this metropolis can achieve post-Covis-19 tourism internationally and attract tourists in a wide range if its primary focus is on policies and institutions in the form of such factors as legislation, financial and moral support of the government, the integration of relevant institutions and training of specialized personnel, which in turn lead to the strengthening of infrastructure and virtual facilities, and advertising and information as two essential criteria in the recovery of tourism. Subsequently, the ground for understanding virtual tours in the form of perceived ease, perceived usefulness, and perceived pleasure is formed and directly in the tendency to visit the destination in the form of obtaining more information about the destination, interest to visit, experience the destination, and recommend to others. Therefore, it is clear that the criteria under study are interconnected in a chain. It is necessary for managers and relevant officials to continuously focus on the criteria and integrate them to achieve tourism recovery.https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_89359_05133a321d6f48e6bbc9c0373f5b014e.pdfFaculty of Geography- University of Tehranurban tourism2423-69269220220723Investigating the effect of social responsibility on destinations on emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists Case study: TehranInvestigating the effect of social responsibility on destinations on emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists Case study: Tehran55719046810.22059/jut.2022.340597.1022FASaraDudangehDepartment of Business Management, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, IranBabakHaji KarimiDepartment of Industrial Management, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran0000-0002-3757-4321Mohammad MehdiMozaffariDepartment of Industrial Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, IranKamyarKavoshDepartment of Business Management, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran0000-0001-7556-4356Journal Article20210409<strong>Abstract</strong><br />Along with the positive economic effects, tourism development in destinations has also brought negative environmental consequences. In accordance with this challenge, many managers of tourist destinations have focused on managing the behavior of tourists. Based on this, considering the need to deal with the mentioned challenges, or at least reduce the adverse effects and continue to attract tourists, social responsibility measures are known as one of the most effective solutions for tourism management organizations. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the effect of social responsibility of destinations on the emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists in Tehran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of this research was tourists entering Tehran. In order to determine the sample size, according to the number of observable variables, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The validity of the research tool was calculated using the confirmatory factor analysis model and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was done using SPSS and SMART PLS software with descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that the social responsibility of destinations had a positive and significant effect on the emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists (satisfaction, trust, loyalty). Also, the findings indicated a positive and significant effect of satisfaction and trust on tourists' loyalty. Among the researched variables, social responsibility with a path coefficient value of 0.584 had the greatest effect on the trust variable, so that the social responsibility variable was able to explain 34% of the variance of the trust variable.<br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Sustainable development of tourist destinations such as Tehran is partly due to engaging in socially responsible behaviors by destination-related organizations and attracting the support of visiting tourists to act in environmentally responsible ways. In the past decades, the metropolis of Tehran has undergone many social and environmental changes due to population growth and development, which can affect tourism development. With the increase of environmental and social problems in Tehran, the development of the tourism industry of this destination requires serious attention to solutions such as adopting social responsibility in all pillars of its development, especially the development of the tourism sector. Such an approach can improve the reputation and image of this destination while increasing the satisfaction and trust of tourists and, as a result, their loyalty. In proportion to this necessity, in the present study, the research's central question is: What is social responsibility's effect on the emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists in Tehran?<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. A questionnaire was used to collect information. The questionnaire questions were designed using five Likert options from strongly agree to disagree. The statistical population of this study was incoming tourists to the city of Tehran, considering that in this study, the method of structural equations has been done using pls software. One of the well-known rules for determining the minimum sample required in the PLS method is provided by Barclay et al. (1995). 5 to 10 samples are required for each observable variable. A sample floor of 300 samples is also recommended. Considering that in this study, the number of observable variables (questionnaire items) was equal to 32 questions, the sample size was estimated to be 320 people. To increase confidence, the sample size was 384 people. In this research, in order to achieve the goals, structural equation modeling in SMART PLS software has been used.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />The findings of this study indicated the effect of social responsibility of tourism destinations on the satisfaction of the results; it indicates that the value of the obtained T statistic is equal to 10.418, so this value is more significant than 1.96 and can be stated that the social responsibility of tourism destinations has a significant effect on tourists' satisfaction. Also, the coefficient of the obtained route is equal to (β = 0.513); since the coefficient of the obtained route is positive, this relationship is direct. The effect of social responsibility of tourism destinations on trust The results indicate that the value of the T statistic obtained is equal to 11.748, so this value is more significant than 1.96, and it can be said that the social responsibility of tourist destinations has a significant effect on tourists' trust. The obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.584). Regarding the effect of social responsibility of tourism destinations on loyalty, the results show that the value of the T-statistic obtained is equal to 10.067, so this value is more significant than 1.96, and it can be said that the social responsibility of tourism destinations on tourist loyalty It also has a significant effect. The coefficient of the obtained path is equal to (β = 0.217). Since the coefficient of the obtained path is positive, this relationship is direct. Satisfaction and trust of tourists have a positive and significant effect on their loyalty because the value of the t-statistic obtained for the effect of satisfaction on loyalty is equal to 4.152 and for the effect of trust on loyalty is equal to 15.338; the obtained values are more than 96 / 1 is. The value of the path coefficient obtained for the effect of the satisfaction variable on loyalty is equal to 0.478, and the value of the path coefficient obtained for trust on loyalty is equal to 0.792.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />The present study presents a conceptual model of the effect of tourism destination responsibility on tourists 'emotional and behavioral responses and answers the question of how destination social responsibility affects tourists' behavioral and emotional responses. Based on this, the findings of the research hypothesis test also showed that the destinations' social responsibility positively affected the satisfaction of tourists from Tehran. Contrary to the practice of all internal studies, the concept of social responsibility of the destination is less considered and more focused on the concept of corporate social responsibility in the field of tourism, and the effects of this concept are examined only from the perspective of companies and organizations involved in service delivery. This study evaluated the effects of destination social responsibility from the perspective of urban tourists. Also, based on the findings of the first hypothesis of the research, it can be said that managers of tourism destinations can manage the consequences by strengthening the social responsibility of the destination while influencing the behavioral and emotional responses of incoming tourists. The results of testing the second hypothesis of social responsibility of destinations had a positive and significant effect on the trust of incoming tourists. In fact, when a tourist has a strong sense of trust, in turn, he will have more intention to visit the destination. This finding not only emphasizes the importance of the concept of destination social responsibility as a variable affecting destination trust as a critical variable and expands the focus on trust in the tourism industry but also explains the mechanisms of social responsibility impact on tourist trust. Testing the third hypothesis of the study showed that the social responsibility of the destinations had a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of incoming tourists. Accordingly, urban tourism destination management organizations should increase investment in destination social responsibility and integrate this with long-term strategic planning because tourists' understanding of destination social responsibility is an essential source of improving tourist loyalty. The results of testing the fourth hypothesis of the study showed that tourist satisfaction had a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of incoming tourists. Based on this, it can be argued that tourist satisfaction resulting from the social responsibility of the destination can have a positive effect on increasing the number of tourists visiting or intending to visit, resulting in destination tourists becoming loyal visitors.<strong>Abstract</strong><br />Along with the positive economic effects, tourism development in destinations has also brought negative environmental consequences. In accordance with this challenge, many managers of tourist destinations have focused on managing the behavior of tourists. Based on this, considering the need to deal with the mentioned challenges, or at least reduce the adverse effects and continue to attract tourists, social responsibility measures are known as one of the most effective solutions for tourism management organizations. In this research, an attempt was made to examine the effect of social responsibility of destinations on the emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists in Tehran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of this research was tourists entering Tehran. In order to determine the sample size, according to the number of observable variables, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The validity of the research tool was calculated using the confirmatory factor analysis model and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was done using SPSS and SMART PLS software with descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that the social responsibility of destinations had a positive and significant effect on the emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists (satisfaction, trust, loyalty). Also, the findings indicated a positive and significant effect of satisfaction and trust on tourists' loyalty. Among the researched variables, social responsibility with a path coefficient value of 0.584 had the greatest effect on the trust variable, so that the social responsibility variable was able to explain 34% of the variance of the trust variable.<br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Sustainable development of tourist destinations such as Tehran is partly due to engaging in socially responsible behaviors by destination-related organizations and attracting the support of visiting tourists to act in environmentally responsible ways. In the past decades, the metropolis of Tehran has undergone many social and environmental changes due to population growth and development, which can affect tourism development. With the increase of environmental and social problems in Tehran, the development of the tourism industry of this destination requires serious attention to solutions such as adopting social responsibility in all pillars of its development, especially the development of the tourism sector. Such an approach can improve the reputation and image of this destination while increasing the satisfaction and trust of tourists and, as a result, their loyalty. In proportion to this necessity, in the present study, the research's central question is: What is social responsibility's effect on the emotional and behavioral responses of urban tourists in Tehran?<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. A questionnaire was used to collect information. The questionnaire questions were designed using five Likert options from strongly agree to disagree. The statistical population of this study was incoming tourists to the city of Tehran, considering that in this study, the method of structural equations has been done using pls software. One of the well-known rules for determining the minimum sample required in the PLS method is provided by Barclay et al. (1995). 5 to 10 samples are required for each observable variable. A sample floor of 300 samples is also recommended. Considering that in this study, the number of observable variables (questionnaire items) was equal to 32 questions, the sample size was estimated to be 320 people. To increase confidence, the sample size was 384 people. In this research, in order to achieve the goals, structural equation modeling in SMART PLS software has been used.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />The findings of this study indicated the effect of social responsibility of tourism destinations on the satisfaction of the results; it indicates that the value of the obtained T statistic is equal to 10.418, so this value is more significant than 1.96 and can be stated that the social responsibility of tourism destinations has a significant effect on tourists' satisfaction. Also, the coefficient of the obtained route is equal to (β = 0.513); since the coefficient of the obtained route is positive, this relationship is direct. The effect of social responsibility of tourism destinations on trust The results indicate that the value of the T statistic obtained is equal to 11.748, so this value is more significant than 1.96, and it can be said that the social responsibility of tourist destinations has a significant effect on tourists' trust. The obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.584). Regarding the effect of social responsibility of tourism destinations on loyalty, the results show that the value of the T-statistic obtained is equal to 10.067, so this value is more significant than 1.96, and it can be said that the social responsibility of tourism destinations on tourist loyalty It also has a significant effect. The coefficient of the obtained path is equal to (β = 0.217). Since the coefficient of the obtained path is positive, this relationship is direct. Satisfaction and trust of tourists have a positive and significant effect on their loyalty because the value of the t-statistic obtained for the effect of satisfaction on loyalty is equal to 4.152 and for the effect of trust on loyalty is equal to 15.338; the obtained values are more than 96 / 1 is. The value of the path coefficient obtained for the effect of the satisfaction variable on loyalty is equal to 0.478, and the value of the path coefficient obtained for trust on loyalty is equal to 0.792.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />The present study presents a conceptual model of the effect of tourism destination responsibility on tourists 'emotional and behavioral responses and answers the question of how destination social responsibility affects tourists' behavioral and emotional responses. Based on this, the findings of the research hypothesis test also showed that the destinations' social responsibility positively affected the satisfaction of tourists from Tehran. Contrary to the practice of all internal studies, the concept of social responsibility of the destination is less considered and more focused on the concept of corporate social responsibility in the field of tourism, and the effects of this concept are examined only from the perspective of companies and organizations involved in service delivery. This study evaluated the effects of destination social responsibility from the perspective of urban tourists. Also, based on the findings of the first hypothesis of the research, it can be said that managers of tourism destinations can manage the consequences by strengthening the social responsibility of the destination while influencing the behavioral and emotional responses of incoming tourists. The results of testing the second hypothesis of social responsibility of destinations had a positive and significant effect on the trust of incoming tourists. In fact, when a tourist has a strong sense of trust, in turn, he will have more intention to visit the destination. This finding not only emphasizes the importance of the concept of destination social responsibility as a variable affecting destination trust as a critical variable and expands the focus on trust in the tourism industry but also explains the mechanisms of social responsibility impact on tourist trust. Testing the third hypothesis of the study showed that the social responsibility of the destinations had a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of incoming tourists. Accordingly, urban tourism destination management organizations should increase investment in destination social responsibility and integrate this with long-term strategic planning because tourists' understanding of destination social responsibility is an essential source of improving tourist loyalty. The results of testing the fourth hypothesis of the study showed that tourist satisfaction had a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of incoming tourists. Based on this, it can be argued that tourist satisfaction resulting from the social responsibility of the destination can have a positive effect on increasing the number of tourists visiting or intending to visit, resulting in destination tourists becoming loyal visitors.https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_90468_979c6a2555fc25ac200855175cdd11c5.pdfFaculty of Geography- University of Tehranurban tourism2423-69269220220723Stakeholder perception analysis of coastal cities tourism for sustainable urban development
Case study of Babolsar cityStakeholder perception analysis of coastal cities tourism for sustainable urban development
Case study of Babolsar city73868675810.22059/jut.2022.338755.1012FASusanYousef JamaliPh.D student of Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Noor Branch, Noor, IranSadroddinMotevalliAssociate Professor of Natural Geography and Geomorphology, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, IranGholamrezaMalekshahiAssociate Professor of Applied Geography Department, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, IranAzitaRajabiAssociate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220409<strong>Abstract</strong>
Coastal tourism is one of the important motivating factors in tourism, and the development programs of most areas that have beaches are considered an important factor in achieving sustainable development. This will be realized if planners and managers at all levels and all forms of tourism do not consider one-dimensional development and pay attention to all stakeholders. A subject that has received less attention in most development programs. The present study aims to analyze the stakeholders' perception of tourism in the coastal city of Babolsar for the purpose of sustainable urban development. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and research methodology. The statistical population consists of four categories of beneficiaries including tourists, citizens, economic activists and experts (managers), and the sample size among the first three groups is 383 people using Cochran's formula and 20 people among the experts group were selected in an available manner. In order to analyze the data, spss software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to check the normality of the data, and one-sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that in terms of the level of perception of the stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainable development of Babolsar city, tourists with a score of 3.41, citizens with a score of 3.63, economic activists with a score of 3.1, and experts and managers with a score of 3.27 and in total with a level of They are average. And according to them, there is a significant difference between the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainability of economic, social-cultural, physical-infrastructural, management-institutional and environmental indicators.
<strong>Extended Abstract </strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the present age that plays an important role in sustainable development. Some researchers have introduced the sustainable development of tourism as a process associated with improving the quality of life of hosts, meeting the demand of visitors, and in turn, protecting natural and human resources. In the meantime, the critical point for achieving sustainable tourism development is to involve all stakeholders because sustainable tourism development is almost impossible without the support of stakeholders.
Mazandaran province, with the most coastline on the northern coast of Iran, has a rich source of coastal tourism activities. For this reason, it is popular with tourists. The present study focuses on the coastal city of Babolsar. Babolsar city is one of the tourism hubs in the north of the country due to its beautiful landscape, natural attractions, and artificial tourism. Although various stakeholders have been involved in the development of tourism in the city, so far no study has been conducted to identify the perception of stakeholders, including tourists, citizens, economic activists, and experts who seek their interests in the tourism industry. Therefore, studying in this field and considering and recognizing all the views of actors and stakeholders on the issue of tourism in this city should be considered. In order to determine the status of tourism sustainability, actors also express their views so that appropriate strategies and strategies can be presented. It is worth mentioning that in the process of studying the effects of tourism development, it is not enough to be satisfied with the views of local residents, because in the process of tourism development there are other stakeholders such as resources (environment), entrepreneurs, and tourists who are effective factors. Therefore, all stakeholders should be involved in tourism development. Considering the importance of the subject of the present study, it tries to measure the perceptions of tourism stakeholders in Babolsar city and, in this regard, also examines the differences between the perceptions of tourism stakeholders. In line with this goal, a question has been formulated as follows:
- What is the perception of tourism stakeholders about the role of coastal tourism on the environment of Babolsar city?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Also, according to the study of the coastal city of Babolsar in Mazandaran province, is a case study research. The statistical population included all stakeholders, including tourists, citizens, economic activists, tourism experts, and managers. The sample size for tourists, citizens, and entrepreneurs, according to Cochran's formula, was 383 people (divided equally among all three groups so that 128 questionnaires were distributed among each group) and among the experts and managers, which were done in an accessible way, a sample of 20 was considered. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to test the normality of the data, and a sample test was used to analyze the data related to the beneficiaries.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
In this study, the valid Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to investigate the normality of the distribution of the main variables. The significance level of all variables of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov quality gap test is more than 0.05, and it is concluded that the distribution of research variables is normal. Therefore, parametric inferential statistics are used. Analysis of single-sample test data shows that the managerial-institutional index plays the lowest role with an average of 3.12 in coastal tourism from the citizens' point of view. With an average of 3.91, the environmental dimension has the most role in coastal tourism. In general, the average of all dimensions is higher than 3, which means it is above average and has a significant role in coastal tourism. Analysis of information from the perspective of economic actors shows that the economic dimension plays the lowest role, with an average of 3.09 in coastal tourism. In general, the average of all dimensions is higher than 3, except for the physical dimension of infrastructure and management-institution, which shows the weak role of these dimensions in coastal tourism. Experts' views show that the environmental dimension plays the least role in coastal tourism, with an average of 3.12.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The results show that attention to the participation of all stakeholders and various actors in the planning and development process is an integral part. This is because if any of the actors are removed from the list of tourism development decision-makers and planners, there will be the possibility of obstacles and delays in tourism development, and it will delay the achievement of sustainable tourism development. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable development, all elements of development and all strata involved in development must have an active presence. No stakeholder can decide on behalf of another stakeholder because all of them will pursue their interests.<strong>Abstract</strong>
Coastal tourism is one of the important motivating factors in tourism, and the development programs of most areas that have beaches are considered an important factor in achieving sustainable development. This will be realized if planners and managers at all levels and all forms of tourism do not consider one-dimensional development and pay attention to all stakeholders. A subject that has received less attention in most development programs. The present study aims to analyze the stakeholders' perception of tourism in the coastal city of Babolsar for the purpose of sustainable urban development. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and research methodology. The statistical population consists of four categories of beneficiaries including tourists, citizens, economic activists and experts (managers), and the sample size among the first three groups is 383 people using Cochran's formula and 20 people among the experts group were selected in an available manner. In order to analyze the data, spss software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to check the normality of the data, and one-sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that in terms of the level of perception of the stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainable development of Babolsar city, tourists with a score of 3.41, citizens with a score of 3.63, economic activists with a score of 3.1, and experts and managers with a score of 3.27 and in total with a level of They are average. And according to them, there is a significant difference between the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the effects of tourism on the sustainability of economic, social-cultural, physical-infrastructural, management-institutional and environmental indicators.
<strong>Extended Abstract </strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the present age that plays an important role in sustainable development. Some researchers have introduced the sustainable development of tourism as a process associated with improving the quality of life of hosts, meeting the demand of visitors, and in turn, protecting natural and human resources. In the meantime, the critical point for achieving sustainable tourism development is to involve all stakeholders because sustainable tourism development is almost impossible without the support of stakeholders.
Mazandaran province, with the most coastline on the northern coast of Iran, has a rich source of coastal tourism activities. For this reason, it is popular with tourists. The present study focuses on the coastal city of Babolsar. Babolsar city is one of the tourism hubs in the north of the country due to its beautiful landscape, natural attractions, and artificial tourism. Although various stakeholders have been involved in the development of tourism in the city, so far no study has been conducted to identify the perception of stakeholders, including tourists, citizens, economic activists, and experts who seek their interests in the tourism industry. Therefore, studying in this field and considering and recognizing all the views of actors and stakeholders on the issue of tourism in this city should be considered. In order to determine the status of tourism sustainability, actors also express their views so that appropriate strategies and strategies can be presented. It is worth mentioning that in the process of studying the effects of tourism development, it is not enough to be satisfied with the views of local residents, because in the process of tourism development there are other stakeholders such as resources (environment), entrepreneurs, and tourists who are effective factors. Therefore, all stakeholders should be involved in tourism development. Considering the importance of the subject of the present study, it tries to measure the perceptions of tourism stakeholders in Babolsar city and, in this regard, also examines the differences between the perceptions of tourism stakeholders. In line with this goal, a question has been formulated as follows:
- What is the perception of tourism stakeholders about the role of coastal tourism on the environment of Babolsar city?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Also, according to the study of the coastal city of Babolsar in Mazandaran province, is a case study research. The statistical population included all stakeholders, including tourists, citizens, economic activists, tourism experts, and managers. The sample size for tourists, citizens, and entrepreneurs, according to Cochran's formula, was 383 people (divided equally among all three groups so that 128 questionnaires were distributed among each group) and among the experts and managers, which were done in an accessible way, a sample of 20 was considered. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to test the normality of the data, and a sample test was used to analyze the data related to the beneficiaries.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
In this study, the valid Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to investigate the normality of the distribution of the main variables. The significance level of all variables of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov quality gap test is more than 0.05, and it is concluded that the distribution of research variables is normal. Therefore, parametric inferential statistics are used. Analysis of single-sample test data shows that the managerial-institutional index plays the lowest role with an average of 3.12 in coastal tourism from the citizens' point of view. With an average of 3.91, the environmental dimension has the most role in coastal tourism. In general, the average of all dimensions is higher than 3, which means it is above average and has a significant role in coastal tourism. Analysis of information from the perspective of economic actors shows that the economic dimension plays the lowest role, with an average of 3.09 in coastal tourism. In general, the average of all dimensions is higher than 3, except for the physical dimension of infrastructure and management-institution, which shows the weak role of these dimensions in coastal tourism. Experts' views show that the environmental dimension plays the least role in coastal tourism, with an average of 3.12.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The results show that attention to the participation of all stakeholders and various actors in the planning and development process is an integral part. This is because if any of the actors are removed from the list of tourism development decision-makers and planners, there will be the possibility of obstacles and delays in tourism development, and it will delay the achievement of sustainable tourism development. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable development, all elements of development and all strata involved in development must have an active presence. No stakeholder can decide on behalf of another stakeholder because all of them will pursue their interests.https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_86758_3256707c953823a8c8c1ca473d6540f1.pdfFaculty of Geography- University of Tehranurban tourism2423-69269220220723Identifying the factors affecting tourism expenditure with emphasis on the family life cycleIdentifying the factors affecting tourism expenditure with emphasis on the family life cycle871058287710.22059/jut.2021.324257.905FASeyed AliHosseiniDepartment of Tourism Management, Faculty of Management & Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, IranMohammadrezaAkhlaghiTourism Management, Faculty of Management &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Accounting, Allameh Tabataba&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;rsquo;i University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220409<strong>Abstract</strong><br />A proper understanding of tourists' spending patterns makes it possible for policy makers, planners, marketers and researchers to examine the economic interaction of tourists with the destination community. Families are the main consumers of tourism products; Therefore, it is important to understand and explain the characteristics of household consumption and the factors affecting it, so that tourism policies and marketing strategies are well adopted. The basic question in this research is whether the amount of money spent by Iranian households per household member on domestic trips undergoes significant changes due to economic, demographic, psychological and travel-related characteristics; And to what extent do these factors determine the cost? This research, using a systematic approach at the level of micro-economics, has answered this question and tries to encourage other researchers to enter this issue. The data of this research includes the economic, demographic and psychological characteristics of 628 Iranian households and information related to their last domestic trip until the end of 2018 and before the official outbreak of the corona virus in Iran. The results of this research show the influence of the amount of expenses of the households on the indicators of income, age, education and the type of occupation of the caretaker, the number of dependent and independent children, the number of family members on the trip, the use of a private vehicle and staying at relatives' houses during the trip and the importance Recreational trips are in the consumption basket of the household. Also, after comparing the amount of expenditure of households in different stages of the household life cycle, it was found that the stages of couples without children, single, the third phase of full nest and single parent, respectively, have the highest amount of expenditure on tourism, and the least amount belongs to widowed households. . At the end, suggestions were presented in order to increase financial circulation and benefit as much as possible from the supply chain of tourism in Iran, which can be a suitable guide for future policies in tourism.<br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Studying travel behavior patterns is one of the necessities for managers involved in strategic and sustainable tourism plans; for example, a proper understanding of tourist expenditure patterns allows policymakers, planners, marketers, and researchers to examine tourist economic interaction with tourism destinations. In addition, families are the main consumers of tourism products; therefore, it is important to understand and explain the characteristics of household consumption and the factors affecting it; also, since tourism is generally a recreational activity, children are expected to play an important role in choosing destination tourism activities and household expenses. The main question in this study is whether the expenditure level of Iranian households per member on domestic trip is significantly affected by economic, demographic, psychological, and trip-related characteristics, and to what extent do these factors determine the expenditure? Considering the demographic characteristics of household size and composition, the study of expenditure changes during different family life cycle stages is another goal of this study. Lack of studies on tourist expenditure and the factors affecting it in Iran, as well as the lack of basic attention to household structure, as a powerful factor affecting the behavior of tourists, are the distinguishing features and motivations of this study.<br /> <br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />Using a systematic approach at the microeconomic level, this research answers this question and encourages other researchers to enter into this issue. This research is scientifically based on the purpose, and in terms of method and nature, is a correlation study. The data of this study include economic, demographic and psychological characteristics of 628 Iranian households and information related to their last domestic trip until the end of 2020 March, and before the official outbreak of Covid-19 in Iran, which was collected through an electronic questionnaire. To analyze the data of this study and examine the correlation between independent and dependent variables, ANOVA and multivariate regression tests in SPSS 26 software were used. According to the conceptual framework of the research, 12 independent variables were selected for the study, which are: income, age and education of the caregiver, type of job and conservatism of the householder, number of family members traveling, use of personal vehicle and staying at relatives at the destination, number of independent and dependent children, family life cycle and the importance of recreational trips in the household consumption basket. The dependent variable in this study is the amount of household expenditure per person/per night during the trip.<br /> <br /><strong>Results and Discussion</strong><br />The results of this study show a positive correlation between household expenditure per person/per night with the variables of household income, age and education of the householder, and also the importance of leisure trips in the household consumption basket. On the other hand, it was found that if you use a personal vehicle and stay at relatives' during the trip, expenditure will be significantly reduced. Also, with the increase in the number of family members present on the trip and the number of dependent and independent children, the expenditure decreases. Considering the comparison of the average household expenditure with different types of occupations, it was found that householders with non-governmental occupations had the highest expenditure and students the lowest. Finally, after comparing the average household expenditure in different stages of the family life cycle, it was found that the stages of a married couple without a child, single, complete nest phase 3 and single parent, respectively, have the highest expenditure, while the lowest belongs to widows.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />According to the findings of this study, most of the households used to travel in a personal vehicle and about half of them did not pay for their accommodation. This indicates the low expenditure for Iranian households as well as the preference for private vehicles over other modes of transportation, which is suggested that further research study the causes of this phenomenon. The results of this research model differ in different societies due to the diversity of demographic, economic and psychological characteristics. However, most researchers believe that enhance of economic situation and education lead to more spend money on travel, which underscores the importance of targeting the elite and wealthy markets, especially in less developed or developing countries. Finally, suggestions are provided to increase turnover and benefit the tourism supply chain in Iran as much as possible, which can be a proper guide for future policies in tourism; including the creation of recreational facilities, leisure activities and tourism experiences tailored to the tastes of children in domestic tourism destinations. These suggestions could be used by tourism policymakers, planners, and marketers.<strong>Abstract</strong><br />A proper understanding of tourists' spending patterns makes it possible for policy makers, planners, marketers and researchers to examine the economic interaction of tourists with the destination community. Families are the main consumers of tourism products; Therefore, it is important to understand and explain the characteristics of household consumption and the factors affecting it, so that tourism policies and marketing strategies are well adopted. The basic question in this research is whether the amount of money spent by Iranian households per household member on domestic trips undergoes significant changes due to economic, demographic, psychological and travel-related characteristics; And to what extent do these factors determine the cost? This research, using a systematic approach at the level of micro-economics, has answered this question and tries to encourage other researchers to enter this issue. The data of this research includes the economic, demographic and psychological characteristics of 628 Iranian households and information related to their last domestic trip until the end of 2018 and before the official outbreak of the corona virus in Iran. The results of this research show the influence of the amount of expenses of the households on the indicators of income, age, education and the type of occupation of the caretaker, the number of dependent and independent children, the number of family members on the trip, the use of a private vehicle and staying at relatives' houses during the trip and the importance Recreational trips are in the consumption basket of the household. Also, after comparing the amount of expenditure of households in different stages of the household life cycle, it was found that the stages of couples without children, single, the third phase of full nest and single parent, respectively, have the highest amount of expenditure on tourism, and the least amount belongs to widowed households. . At the end, suggestions were presented in order to increase financial circulation and benefit as much as possible from the supply chain of tourism in Iran, which can be a suitable guide for future policies in tourism.<br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Studying travel behavior patterns is one of the necessities for managers involved in strategic and sustainable tourism plans; for example, a proper understanding of tourist expenditure patterns allows policymakers, planners, marketers, and researchers to examine tourist economic interaction with tourism destinations. In addition, families are the main consumers of tourism products; therefore, it is important to understand and explain the characteristics of household consumption and the factors affecting it; also, since tourism is generally a recreational activity, children are expected to play an important role in choosing destination tourism activities and household expenses. The main question in this study is whether the expenditure level of Iranian households per member on domestic trip is significantly affected by economic, demographic, psychological, and trip-related characteristics, and to what extent do these factors determine the expenditure? Considering the demographic characteristics of household size and composition, the study of expenditure changes during different family life cycle stages is another goal of this study. Lack of studies on tourist expenditure and the factors affecting it in Iran, as well as the lack of basic attention to household structure, as a powerful factor affecting the behavior of tourists, are the distinguishing features and motivations of this study.<br /> <br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />Using a systematic approach at the microeconomic level, this research answers this question and encourages other researchers to enter into this issue. This research is scientifically based on the purpose, and in terms of method and nature, is a correlation study. The data of this study include economic, demographic and psychological characteristics of 628 Iranian households and information related to their last domestic trip until the end of 2020 March, and before the official outbreak of Covid-19 in Iran, which was collected through an electronic questionnaire. To analyze the data of this study and examine the correlation between independent and dependent variables, ANOVA and multivariate regression tests in SPSS 26 software were used. According to the conceptual framework of the research, 12 independent variables were selected for the study, which are: income, age and education of the caregiver, type of job and conservatism of the householder, number of family members traveling, use of personal vehicle and staying at relatives at the destination, number of independent and dependent children, family life cycle and the importance of recreational trips in the household consumption basket. The dependent variable in this study is the amount of household expenditure per person/per night during the trip.<br /> <br /><strong>Results and Discussion</strong><br />The results of this study show a positive correlation between household expenditure per person/per night with the variables of household income, age and education of the householder, and also the importance of leisure trips in the household consumption basket. On the other hand, it was found that if you use a personal vehicle and stay at relatives' during the trip, expenditure will be significantly reduced. Also, with the increase in the number of family members present on the trip and the number of dependent and independent children, the expenditure decreases. Considering the comparison of the average household expenditure with different types of occupations, it was found that householders with non-governmental occupations had the highest expenditure and students the lowest. Finally, after comparing the average household expenditure in different stages of the family life cycle, it was found that the stages of a married couple without a child, single, complete nest phase 3 and single parent, respectively, have the highest expenditure, while the lowest belongs to widows.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />According to the findings of this study, most of the households used to travel in a personal vehicle and about half of them did not pay for their accommodation. This indicates the low expenditure for Iranian households as well as the preference for private vehicles over other modes of transportation, which is suggested that further research study the causes of this phenomenon. The results of this research model differ in different societies due to the diversity of demographic, economic and psychological characteristics. However, most researchers believe that enhance of economic situation and education lead to more spend money on travel, which underscores the importance of targeting the elite and wealthy markets, especially in less developed or developing countries. Finally, suggestions are provided to increase turnover and benefit the tourism supply chain in Iran as much as possible, which can be a proper guide for future policies in tourism; including the creation of recreational facilities, leisure activities and tourism experiences tailored to the tastes of children in domestic tourism destinations. These suggestions could be used by tourism policymakers, planners, and marketers.https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_82877_aa060b6d05e59e5fcb46149ee5dfdeb8.pdfFaculty of Geography- University of Tehranurban tourism2423-69269220220723A Comparative Study of Policies and Experiences of Cultural Heritage Preservation in Historic Cities Cities of Urmia, Iran and Turin, ItalyA Comparative Study of Policies and Experiences of Cultural Heritage Preservation in Historic Cities Cities of Urmia, Iran and Turin, Italy1071308263710.22059/jut.2021.326079.922FAZohrehFanniHuman Geography and Spatial Planning Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranOmidBoodaghiHuman Geography and Spatial Planning Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220409Abstract
The two countries of Iran and Italy have a very ancient history and, accordingly, magnificent effects in the architecture and urban planning of their historical-urban centers. Protection of this rich cultural heritage on an urban scale requires the existence and implementation of related laws and policies. This comparative research is an analytical and descriptive method, with the study and analysis of documents of comprehensive and detailed city plans in Persian, Italian and English, field investigations in the two historical cities of Urmia and Turin, while examining the laws and policies of the two countries in the protection of cultural heritage in cities. Historically, it examines the heritage of both cities and policies to preserve them. The comparative study of these laws in terms of the type and quality of the planning system in comprehensive and detailed plans along with the analysis of the policies of these two countries for more efficient protection of cultural heritage in line with sustainable urban management are the goals of this research. The results showed that in addition to many cultural similarities, especially in the knowledge of cultural heritage and works, both societies have commonalities both in terms of perceptive philosophy in the discussion of cultural heritage protection and in the type of interventions in historical contexts. Despite the developmental similarities of both cities and, as a result, similar programs in the field of cultural heritage protection, intervention methods in Urmia are more traditional and native, and in Turin based on decentralized modern planning and policies. With the intelligent use of scientific management, from the strategy of spreading the pressure of uses and activities depleting the central-historical context to other neighboring units and using new technologies, while effectively protecting the cultural heritage, Turin has strengthened its tourism as the main source of urban income, which this intelligent approach For the cities of Iran, including Urmia, in obtaining alternative incomes for oil, including tourism, is in line with sustainable urban development.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The historical parts of the city, which carry cultural-historical values, need protection and preservation. In addition to having useful and valuable messages for the next generation, these structures are also part of the commonalities of a nation and a factor of unity. Controlling the environment, monitoring, observing and studying, and planning and policy-making are ways to achieve this level of protection. Iran and Italy, the survivors of the Persian and Roman civilizations, have had a tremendous impact on all areas of architecture, art, literature, industry and science on a global scale. Both Iran and Italy need to preserve the rich cultural heritage of the past in order to achieve sustainable development; This category is achieved through systematic policies and laws for the preservation and protection of valuable urban cultural heritage as the main strategy of the work.
Objective
A comparative study of the laws and policies for the protection of historical and cultural heritage of cities, given the position of their planning system in the legal system of both countries, is the main purpose of this article. Among the questions that have been studied and analyzed in this study are: What are the similar architectural, historical and geographical features of the ancient textures of the studied cities and how can these similarities not be used as imitations? From the European city of Turin, but also for scientific and practical comparisons in achieving an ecological model in the field of policies and planning based on sustainable development, especially in the field of protection of cultural heritage of Iranian cities, including Urmia? Are there any goals in making policies and laws for the protection of historical centers in the cities of Urmia and Turin? What factors and actors are involved in policy-making and preparation of urban laws of urban historical centers for the protection of historical monuments and cultural heritage? The effect of the type of centralized and decentralized planning system and different approaches in looking at the issue of cultural heritage protection in Iran and Italy What are the consequences of protecting the historical monuments of Urmia and Turin?
Methodology
The present research is fundamental-applied and in terms of method, descriptive-analytical. This applied research begins with pure studies and ends with experimental research in order to plan and formulate executive activities. The study of legal documents of the two countries in the field of cultural heritage protection along with the study of global trends provides knowledge that allows the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of each policy in the practical use of these analyzes and pathologies in Provides communities with historical contexts that need to be protected. Information and data were inductively collected, collected, compressed, classified and then analyzed. The present study relies on the methods and tools of collecting documentary and field information and has mastered both English and Italian, while being complex and time-consuming. Strengthens the knowledge of indigenous urban management, especially in the field of protection of urban cultural heritage; From this point of view, the present research work contains new ideas and creative research methods.
Results and discussion
The various urban development plans for the city of Urmia did not have clear and orderly orientations to preserve its cultural monuments. Urmia's cultural heritage, due to its many similarities with Turin in terms of the city's early origins, antiquity and development to the modern era, makes this comparative comparison more practical. The city of Turin has recreated and protected its historical and cultural monuments in the following ways: 1) Implementing comprehensive policies and programs for historical sections; 2) Implementation of non-physical soft strategies for the protection of cultural heritage. The city has not physically repeated this policy in important and sensitive historical areas of the city with heavy physical surgeries, taking advice from its past, especially in the comprehensive initial plans, which were a kind of destruction in the central parts due to health issues and renovation. In fact, the city owes its soft and strategic policies today, such as the central backbone and international Turin, which have led to the growth and prosperity of the city, especially in the field of cultural heritage protection, to this kind of thinking. This study, while further examining these laws and policies, can lead to the development of guidelines for good urban governance and sustainable development in the protection of historical contexts and urban cultural heritage, and the results are due to the many similarities between the two. The study community should benefit other historical cities of the country.
Conclusion
The results showed that in addition to many cultural similarities, especially in the recognition of cultural monuments and heritage, both societies have commonalities both in terms of perceptual philosophy in the discussion of cultural heritage protection and in the type of interventions in historical contexts. Despite the developmental similarities between the two cities and the consequent similar programs in the field of cultural heritage protection, intervention methods in Urmia have been more traditional and indigenous and in Turin based on decentralized modern planning and policies. Turin uses the scientific management approach intelligently, the strategy of spreading the pressure of land uses and depleting activities of the central-historical context to other neighboring units, and the use of new technologies, while effectively protecting the cultural heritage of its tourism industry as the main source. Urban revenue has strengthened, and this smart approach for Iranian cities, including Urmia, to earn alternative oil revenues, including the tourism industry, is in line with sustainable urban development.Abstract
The two countries of Iran and Italy have a very ancient history and, accordingly, magnificent effects in the architecture and urban planning of their historical-urban centers. Protection of this rich cultural heritage on an urban scale requires the existence and implementation of related laws and policies. This comparative research is an analytical and descriptive method, with the study and analysis of documents of comprehensive and detailed city plans in Persian, Italian and English, field investigations in the two historical cities of Urmia and Turin, while examining the laws and policies of the two countries in the protection of cultural heritage in cities. Historically, it examines the heritage of both cities and policies to preserve them. The comparative study of these laws in terms of the type and quality of the planning system in comprehensive and detailed plans along with the analysis of the policies of these two countries for more efficient protection of cultural heritage in line with sustainable urban management are the goals of this research. The results showed that in addition to many cultural similarities, especially in the knowledge of cultural heritage and works, both societies have commonalities both in terms of perceptive philosophy in the discussion of cultural heritage protection and in the type of interventions in historical contexts. Despite the developmental similarities of both cities and, as a result, similar programs in the field of cultural heritage protection, intervention methods in Urmia are more traditional and native, and in Turin based on decentralized modern planning and policies. With the intelligent use of scientific management, from the strategy of spreading the pressure of uses and activities depleting the central-historical context to other neighboring units and using new technologies, while effectively protecting the cultural heritage, Turin has strengthened its tourism as the main source of urban income, which this intelligent approach For the cities of Iran, including Urmia, in obtaining alternative incomes for oil, including tourism, is in line with sustainable urban development.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The historical parts of the city, which carry cultural-historical values, need protection and preservation. In addition to having useful and valuable messages for the next generation, these structures are also part of the commonalities of a nation and a factor of unity. Controlling the environment, monitoring, observing and studying, and planning and policy-making are ways to achieve this level of protection. Iran and Italy, the survivors of the Persian and Roman civilizations, have had a tremendous impact on all areas of architecture, art, literature, industry and science on a global scale. Both Iran and Italy need to preserve the rich cultural heritage of the past in order to achieve sustainable development; This category is achieved through systematic policies and laws for the preservation and protection of valuable urban cultural heritage as the main strategy of the work.
Objective
A comparative study of the laws and policies for the protection of historical and cultural heritage of cities, given the position of their planning system in the legal system of both countries, is the main purpose of this article. Among the questions that have been studied and analyzed in this study are: What are the similar architectural, historical and geographical features of the ancient textures of the studied cities and how can these similarities not be used as imitations? From the European city of Turin, but also for scientific and practical comparisons in achieving an ecological model in the field of policies and planning based on sustainable development, especially in the field of protection of cultural heritage of Iranian cities, including Urmia? Are there any goals in making policies and laws for the protection of historical centers in the cities of Urmia and Turin? What factors and actors are involved in policy-making and preparation of urban laws of urban historical centers for the protection of historical monuments and cultural heritage? The effect of the type of centralized and decentralized planning system and different approaches in looking at the issue of cultural heritage protection in Iran and Italy What are the consequences of protecting the historical monuments of Urmia and Turin?
Methodology
The present research is fundamental-applied and in terms of method, descriptive-analytical. This applied research begins with pure studies and ends with experimental research in order to plan and formulate executive activities. The study of legal documents of the two countries in the field of cultural heritage protection along with the study of global trends provides knowledge that allows the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of each policy in the practical use of these analyzes and pathologies in Provides communities with historical contexts that need to be protected. Information and data were inductively collected, collected, compressed, classified and then analyzed. The present study relies on the methods and tools of collecting documentary and field information and has mastered both English and Italian, while being complex and time-consuming. Strengthens the knowledge of indigenous urban management, especially in the field of protection of urban cultural heritage; From this point of view, the present research work contains new ideas and creative research methods.
Results and discussion
The various urban development plans for the city of Urmia did not have clear and orderly orientations to preserve its cultural monuments. Urmia's cultural heritage, due to its many similarities with Turin in terms of the city's early origins, antiquity and development to the modern era, makes this comparative comparison more practical. The city of Turin has recreated and protected its historical and cultural monuments in the following ways: 1) Implementing comprehensive policies and programs for historical sections; 2) Implementation of non-physical soft strategies for the protection of cultural heritage. The city has not physically repeated this policy in important and sensitive historical areas of the city with heavy physical surgeries, taking advice from its past, especially in the comprehensive initial plans, which were a kind of destruction in the central parts due to health issues and renovation. In fact, the city owes its soft and strategic policies today, such as the central backbone and international Turin, which have led to the growth and prosperity of the city, especially in the field of cultural heritage protection, to this kind of thinking. This study, while further examining these laws and policies, can lead to the development of guidelines for good urban governance and sustainable development in the protection of historical contexts and urban cultural heritage, and the results are due to the many similarities between the two. The study community should benefit other historical cities of the country.
Conclusion
The results showed that in addition to many cultural similarities, especially in the recognition of cultural monuments and heritage, both societies have commonalities both in terms of perceptual philosophy in the discussion of cultural heritage protection and in the type of interventions in historical contexts. Despite the developmental similarities between the two cities and the consequent similar programs in the field of cultural heritage protection, intervention methods in Urmia have been more traditional and indigenous and in Turin based on decentralized modern planning and policies. Turin uses the scientific management approach intelligently, the strategy of spreading the pressure of land uses and depleting activities of the central-historical context to other neighboring units, and the use of new technologies, while effectively protecting the cultural heritage of its tourism industry as the main source. Urban revenue has strengthened, and this smart approach for Iranian cities, including Urmia, to earn alternative oil revenues, including the tourism industry, is in line with sustainable urban development.https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_82637_a22a32c71e8ca1d8f6fb7d213ac69f94.pdf