Investigating the Effect of Social Dimensions of Urban Resilience on Sustainable Tourism Development Case Study: Mahmudabad City

Document Type : Article extracted From phd dissertation

Authors

1 PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, Noor Branch of Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran,

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran

Abstract

Extended Abstract
Introduction
The city of Mahmoudabad, as one of the tourist destinations in northern Iran, has become very important due to its coastal and special tourist location. In recent years, the reason for the physical development of the city is due to the role and function of tourism in this destination and has led to the development of several human settlements in the city. Due to the many tourist attractions and investments in recent years, this city needs to move towards sustainable tourism development. However, due to the natural hazards caused by floods in this region and the creation of environmental hazards due to tourism development, it is necessary to pay attention to increasing social resilience in this city and taking advantage of its benefits for sustainable tourism development in Mahmudabad. According to this necessity, in the present study, the main question of the research is posed as follows:
-What effect do the social components of urban resilience have on the sustainable tourism development in the city of Mahmudabad?
 
Methodology
The present study is part of applied and descriptive-analytical researches in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Also, a questionnaire was used to collect information. The questions were designed using a five-point Likert scale based on strongly agree to strongly disagree. The statistical population of this study includes all experts and officials in the field of urban and tourism of Mahmudabad city and 80 employed people of Mahmudabad city municipality in 2020 and due to the small sample size, the entire statistical population was selected as a sample by census sampling method. Also, to measure the research variables, questionnaires of social dimensions of urban resilience and sustainable tourism development were used. Indicators of research questionnaires obtained from related studies and research background. Then, they were localized based on the research conditions and the studied city. In this research, in order to achieve the goals, structural equation modeling in SMART PLS software has been used.
Results and discussion
Findings showed that the social resilience of the city has a significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism. The value of the obtained t-statistic is equal to 11.248 so that this value is higher than 1.96 and the research hypothesis is confirmed, and it can be concluded that the social resilience of the city has a significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism. Also, the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.689), since the obtained path coefficient is positive, this relationship is direct. Therefore, it can be said that the social resilience of the city has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism.
Concerning the component of institutional trust, urban social resilience has a significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism. The value of the obtained t-statistic is equal to 5.824 so that this value is higher than 1.96. Also, the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.163). The component of urban social resilience awareness has a significant effect on sustainable development. The value of obtained t-statistic is equal to 2.158 so that this value is higher than 1.96. Also, the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.194). The place attachment component of urban social resilience has a significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism. The value of obtained t-statistic is equal to 3.448 so that this value is higher than 1.96. Also, the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.222). The component of urban social resilience participation has a significant effect on sustainable tourism development. The value of the obtained t-statistic is equal to 5.999 so that this value is higher than 1.96. Also, the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.188), since the obtained path coefficient is positive for the dimensions of urban social resilience, the effect of the mentioned dimensions is direct.
 
Conclusion
The findings of the test of research hypotheses showed that the social resilience of the city has a positive effect on the sustainable development of tourism in Mahmudabad. In fact, social resilience in the touristic city of Mahmudabad has been able to contribute to the further sustainability of tourism through social preparation and strengthening the social structure of this destination. Based on the general results of this research, it can be claimed that a destination can be sustainable, creative, attractive, memorable, etc., which is a resilient destination and keeps safe residents and visitors form hazards. By setting resilience as a goal in tourism cities such as Mahmudabad, destinations can design a model by which decision-makers and stakeholders of tourism destinations, while understanding the emerging risks, take actions to achieve it, in order to prevent the vulnerability of communities and urban destinations to natural disasters. Accordingly, nowadays, the discussions and concerns about the risks and factors threatening the development of tourism systems, have received serious attention. Facing planners and activists in the tourism sector with such crises caused the inclusion of tourism development programs to become an analytical and important issue. Based on this finding, it can be said that while tourism has many positive effects and is expanding day by day, the events and dangers that threaten it need to be considered. And what is important here is that there should always be a coherent system for supporting, planning and managing tourism in times of crisis and before a crisis occurs. Especially a category such as tourism, which depends on several elements, which each of them can be irreversible and irreparable shock.

Keywords

References

  1. اسکندری نوده، محمد؛ قلی پور، یاسر؛ فلاح حیدری، فاطمه؛ احمدپور، ایوب (1398) شناسایی ابعاد تاب‌آوری و تأثیر آن بر پایداری شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر رشت)، جغرافیا و پایداری محیط، سال 9، شماره 3، صص. 77-63.
  2. پورمحمدی، محمدرضا؛ هادی، الهام؛ هادی، الناز (1398) تبیین ابعاد اجتماعی- اقتصادی تاب‌آوری شهری در برابر زلزله مطالعه موردی: منطقه ۴ شهر تبریز، دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران، سال 9، شماره 1، صص. 89-78.
  3. حسینی، علی؛ یدالله نیا، هاجر؛ محمدی، منصوره؛ شکاری، سعید (1399) تحلیل تاب‌آوری اجتماعی بر اساس شاخص‌های سرمایه اجتماعی در شهر تهران، فصلنامه شهر پایدار، سال 3، شماره 1، صص. 39-29.
  4. خوش‌فر، غلامرضا (1395) اعتماد نهادی و سرمایه‌گذاری در واحدهای گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: استان گلستان)، برنامه‌ریزی و توسعه گردشگری، سال 5، شماره 16، صص. 70-47.
  5. ذاکر حقیقی، کیانوش و اکبریان، زهرا (1394) تحلیل قیاسی میزان تاب‌آوری اجتماعی در محلات تاریخی-مسکونی و تدوین یک برنامه راهبردی-عملیاتی برای ارتقای آن (موردمطالعه: محلات برج قربان و چرچره شهر همدان)، پژوهشنامه جغرافیای انتظامی، سال 12، شماره 22، صص. 48–
  6. رنجبر، زینت؛ شکری فیروزجاه، پری؛ جانباز قبادی، غلامرضا (1400) سنجش میزان تاب‌آوری شهرهای ساحلی با تأکید بر نقش گردشگری نمونه موردی: شهرهای ساحلی غرب استان مازندران، نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، سال ۲۱، شماره ۶۲، صص. 412-383.
  7. روستا، مجتبی؛ ابراهیم‌زاده، عیسی؛ ایستگلدی، مصطفی (1397) ارزیابی میزان تاب‌آوری اجتماعی شهری مورد شناسی؛ شهر زاهدان، پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، سال 9، شماره 32، صص. 14-1.
  8. ساسان‌پور، فرزانه؛ آهنگری، نوید؛ حاجی‌نژاد، صادق (1396) ارزیابی تاب‌آوری منطقه 12 کلان‌شهر تهران در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی، نشریه تحلیل مخاطرات محیطی، سال 4، شماره 3، صص.98-85.
  9. قدمی، محسن (1394) آسیب‌شناسی چالش‌های توسعه پایداری گردشگری. مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی ایران، سال 8، شماره 1، صص. 97-85.
  10. کمانداری، محسن؛ اجزا شکوهی، محمد؛ رهنما، محمدرحیم (1397) تحلیل فضایی شاخص‌های اجتماعی تاب‌آوری شهری در مناطق چهارگانه شهر کرمان، جغرافیای اجتماعی شهری، سال 5، شماره 2، صص. 85-69.
  11. محمدی، اکبر؛ آشوری، کسری؛ محمد بشیر، رباطی (1396) تبیین و ارزیابی مؤلفه‌های تاب‌آوری نهادی و اجتماعی در سکونتگاه‌های خودانگیخته شهری مطالعه موردی: ناحیه منفصل شهری نایسر شهر سنندج، مطالعات شهری، دوره6، شماره 22، صص. 88-75.
  12. موحد، سپیده و طبیبیان، منوچهر (1398) چارچوبی برای تدوین الگوی تاب‌آوری بوم شناسانه شهر، فصلنامه مطالعات شهری، سال 9، شماره 33، صص. 126-109.
  13. موحد، مجید؛ عنایت، حلیمه؛ غفاری نسب، اسفندیار؛ البرزی، صدیقه؛ مظفری، روح الله (1391) عوامل مرتبط با انتخاب سزارین در میان زنان باردار ساکن شهر شیراز، مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی فسا، سال 2، شماره 2، صص. 78-73.
  14. موسوی، سید نجم‌الدین؛ سپهوند، رضا؛ جعفری، سلیمان؛ جعفری، افسانه (1397) بررسی نقش دین‌داری در اعتماد و مشارکت اجتماعی دانشجویان دانشگاه لرستان. مدیریت سرمایه اجتماعی، سال 5، شماره 4، صص. 649-629.
  15. نوروزی، اکرم؛ سرور، رحیم؛ مهدوی؛ حاجیلوئی، مسعود (1396) سنجش مؤلفه‌های مؤثر اجتماعی در تاب‌آوری منطقه ۱۲ شهر تهران، فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی، سال ۳۲، شماره 4، صص. 104-86.
  16. Ainuddin, S. & Routray, J. K. (2012) Community resilience framework for an earthquake prone area in Baluchistan, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 2, pp. 25-36.
  17. Allen, B. & Tamindael, L. E. & Bickerton, S. H. & Cho, W. (2020) Does citizen coproduction lead to better urban services in smart cities projects? An empirical study on e-participation in a mobile big data platform, Government Information Quarterly, Vol.37, No.1, pp.1-18.
  18. Allen, L. R. & Cox, J. & Cooper,N. L. (2006) The impact of a summer day camp on the resiliency of disadvantaged youths, Physical Education, Recreation, Vol.77, No.1, pp.17-23.
  19. Awedyk, M. & Niezgoda, A. (2018) Resilience planning as an opportunity for future sustainable development in tourism, Operations Research and Decisions, Vol.28, pp.23-40.
  20. Bastaminia, A. & Rezaei, M.R. & Dastoorpoor, M. (2017) Identification and evaluation of the components and factors affecting social and economic resilience in city of Rudbar, Iran, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol.22, pp.269–280.
  21. Brown, S. (2015) Improving Mental Health through Social Support: Building Positive and Empowering Relationships, British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 12, pp.1-15.
  22. Bush, J. & Doyon, A. (2019) Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute?, Cities, Vol.95, pp1-8.
  23. Carlson, B. E. & Cacciatore, J. & Klimek, B. (2012) A risk and resilience perspective on unaccompanied refugee minors, Social work, Vol.57, No.3, pp.259-269.
  24. Casakin, H. & Hernández, B. & Ruiz, C. (2015) Place attachment and place identity in Israeli cities: The influence of city size, Cities, Vol. 42, pp.224–230.
  25. Cimellaro, G. P. & Renschler, C. & Bruneau, M. (2015) Introduction to Resilience Based Design (ABO) Computational Methods, Seismic Protection, Hybrid Testing and Resilience in Earthquake Engineering, Vol 33, pp. 151-183.
  26. Cutter, S. L. & Ahearn, J. A. & Amadei, B. & Crawford, P. & Eide, E. A. & Galloway, G. E. & Zoback, M. L. (2013) Disaster resilience: A national imperative, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, Vol.55, No.2, pp.25-29.
  27. Dai, S. & Xu, H. & Chen, F. (2019) A hierarchical measurement model of perceived resilience of urban tourism destination, Social Indicators Research, Vol.145, No.2, pp.777-804.
  28. Eskandari Nodeh, Mohammad. & Qolipour, Yaser. & Fallah Heydari, Fatemeh. & Ahmadpour, Ayub. (2019) Identifying the dimensions of resilience and its effect on urban sustainability (Case study: Rasht), Geography and Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 9, No.3, pp. 63-77. [In Persian].
  29. Ghadami, Mohsen. (2015) Pathology of Challenges of Tourism Sustainability Development, Social Development Studies of Iran, Vol.8, No.1, pp.85-97. [In Persian].
  30. Henseler, J. & Ringle, C. M. & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009) The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing, In New challenges to international marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp 1-14.
  31. Hernández, B. & Hidalgo, M.C. & Salazar-Laplace, M.E. & Hess, S. (2007) Place attachment and place identity in natives and non-natives, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.27. No.4, pp.310–319.
  32. Holladay, P. J. & Powell, R. B. (2013) Resident perceptions of social–ecological resilience and the sustainability of community-based tourism development in the Commonwealth of Dominica, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol.21, No.8, pp.1188-1211.
  33. Hosseini, Ali. & Yadollah Nia, Hajar. & Mohammadi, Mansoura. & Shekari, Saeed. (2020) Analysis of social resilience based on social capital indicators in Tehran, Sustainable City Quarterly, Vol.3, No.1, pp.29-39. [In Persian].
  34. kamandari, Mohsen. & Ajza shkohi, Mohammad. & Rahnama, Mohammad Rahim. (2019) Spatial analysis of social indicators of urban resilience in the four regions of Kerman, Urban Social Geography, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.69-85. [In Persian].
  35. Khoshfar, Gholamreza. (2016) Institutional Trust and Investment in Tourism Units (Case Study: Golestan Province), Tourism Planning and Development, Vol.5, No.16, pp.47-70. [In Persian].
  36. Kraker, J. (2017) Social learning for resilience in social–ecological Systems,Current Opinion in Environmental, Sustainability, Vol.28, pp.100-107.
  37. Lucini, B. (2015) Disaster Resilience from a Sociological Perspective Exploring, Three Italian Earthquakes as Models for Disaster, Resilience Planning, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 1-14.
  38. Mohammadi, Akbar. & Ashyrian, Kasra. & Mohammad Bashir, Robati. (2016) Explaining and evaluating the components of institutional and social resilience in spontaneous urban settlements Case study: Naysar isolated urban area of Sanandaj, Urban Studies, Vol.6, No.22, p.75-88. [In Persian].
  39. Mousavi, Seyed Najmuddin. & Sepahvand, Reza. & Jafari, Suleiman. & Jafari, Afsaneh. (2015) The role of religiosity in trust and social participation of Lorestan University students, Social Capital Management, Vol.5, No.4, pp. 629-649. [In Persian].
  40. Movahed, Majid. & Enayat, Halima. & Ghaffari Nasab, Esfandiar. & Alborzi, Siddique. & Mozaffari, Ruhollah. (2012) Factors related to cesarean section selection among pregnant women living in Shiraz, Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 73-78. [In Persian].
  41. Movahed, Sepideh & Tabibian, Manouchehr. (2019) A framework for developing a model of ecological resilience in the city. Journal of Urban Studies, Vol.9, No. 33, p.109-126. [In Persian].
  42. Nickerson, N. P. & Jorgenson, J. & Boley, B. B. (2016) Are sustainable tourists a higher spending market?, Tourism Management, Vol.54, pp.170-177.
  43. Nowruz, Akram. & Server, Rahim. & Mahdavi Hajiloui, Massoud. (2017) Assessing the effective social components in the resilience of the 12th district of Tehran, Geographical Research, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 86-104. [In Persian].
  44. Nunkoo, R. & Gursoy, D. (2016) Rethinking the role of power and trust in tourism planning, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, Vol.25, No.4, pp.512-522.
  45. Nunkoo, R. (2017) Governance and sustainable tourism: What is the role of trust, power and social capital?, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, Vol.6, No.4, pp. 277-285.
  46. Ong, A. D. & Edwards, L. M. & Bergeman, C. S. (2006) Hope as a source of resilience in later adulthood, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol.41, No.7, pp.1263-1273.
  47. Packer, J. & Ballantyne, R. & Hughes, K. (2014) Chinese and Australian tourists' attitudes to nature, animals and environmental issues: Implications for the design of nature-based tourism experiences, Tourism Management, Vol.44, pp.101-107.
  48. Pourmohammadi, Mohammad Reza. & Hadi, Alham. & Hadi, Elnaz. (2019) Explaining the socio-economic dimensions of urban resilience against earthquakes Case study: Region 4 of Tabriz, Knowledge of Crisis Prevention and Management, Vol.9, No.1, pp.78-89. [In Persian].
  49. Ranjbar, Zainb. & Shukri Firoozjah, Perry. & Janbaz Ghobadi, Gholamreza. (1400) Assessing the resilience of coastal cities with emphasis on the role of tourism Case study: West coastal cities of Mazandaran province, Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, Vol.21, No.62, pp.383-412. [In Persian].
  50. Rusta, Mojtaba. & Ebrahimzadeh, Isa. & Eastgoldi, Mostafa. (2018) Evaluation of urban social resilience Zahedan city, urban research and planning, Vol.9, No.32, pp.1-14. [In Persian].
  51. Sasanpour, Farzaneh. & Ahngari, Navid. & Hajinejad, Sadegh. (2017) Assessing the resilience of Tehran metropolitan area 12 against natural hazards, Journal of Environmental Risk Analysis, Vol. 4, No.3, pp.85-98. [In Persian].
  52. Shaw, D. & Scully, J. & Hart, T. (2014) the paradox of social resilience: How cognitive strategies and coping mechanisms attenuate resilience, Global Environmental Change, Vol.25, pp.194-203.
  53. Song, Z. & Soopramanien, D. (2019) Types of place attachment and pro-environmental behaviors of urban residents in Beijing, Cities, Vol.84, pp.112-120.
  54. Stedman, R. C. (2002) Toward a social psychology of place: Predicting behavior from place-based cognitions, attitude, and identity, Environment and behavior, Vol.34, No.5, pp. 561-581.
  55. Wu, Y. F. & Xu, H. G. & Lew, A. A. (2015) Consumption-led mobilized urbanism: Socio-spatial separation in the second-home city of Sanya, Mobilities, Vol.10, No.1, pp.136–154.
  56. Yu, C. P. & Chancellor, H. C. & Cole, S. T. (2011) Measuring residents’ attitudes toward sustainable tourism: sustainable tourism attitude scale, Travel research, Vol.50, No.1, pp. 57-63.
  57. Yuksel, A. & Yuksel, F. & Bilim, Y. (2010) Destination attachment: Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and conative loyalty,Tourism management, Vol.31, No. 2, pp. 274-284.
  58. Zaker Haghighi, Kianoosh. & Akbarian, Zahra. (2015) Deductive Analysis of Social Resilience in Historical-Residential Sites and Development of a Strategic-Operational Plan for Its Promotion, No.22, pp.23–48. [In Persian].
  59. Zhang, Y. & Zhang, H. L. & Zhang, J. & Cheng, S. (2014) Predicting residents' pro-environmental behaviors at tourist sites: The role of awareness of disaster's consequences, values, and place attachment, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.40, pp.131-146.
urban tourism
Volume 8, Issue 3
October 2021
Pages 1-16

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics